Titlebook: Atomic Inner-Shell Physics; Bernd Crasemann Book 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1985 Cross section.X-ray scattering.atomic

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Atomic Physics Research with Synchrotron Radiationmajor advances in facilities for the production of synchrotron light that are certain to engender a great increase in its use for the exploration of atomic inner shells. This appears to be a good time, therefore, for some retrospection and a survey, albeit brief and incomplete, of applications of synchrotron light in atomic and molecular physics.

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The Stability of Fuzzy Control Systems,ons from the target atom may be ejected or excited to different orbits. In many of these atomic processes, the quantitative study of the transition based on the straightforward independent-particle calculation, when compared with the experimental measurement, fails to provide a satisfactory physical

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Damiano Rotondo,Fatiha Nejjari,Vicenç Puigas a nonradiative transition, the first systematic experimental and theoretical investigations started only in the mid-1950s. On the experimental side this became possible due to the development of high-resolution .-ray spectrometers which, besides for .-ray spectroscopy, were also used for the stud

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Santiago Sánchez-Solano,María Broxspecially as regards the deeper lying levels of heavier atoms one is obliged to use a relativistic formulation which entails a number of questions. Firstly any structure which emerges from the Dirac one-electron problem shares with it questions about proper accounting of the role of negative-energy

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Juan Manuel Escaño,Carlos Bordonsns of suitably designed spectrometers, to be discussed in Sec. 2, it is possible to observe minute energy shifts. The main part of the present Chapter is devoted to experiments in which such shifts are observed, and to their interpretation.

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CLEFT

Fuzzy Modeling and Fuzzy Control detected final state. This information is usually formulated in terms of transition probabilities. In order to obtain well-defined transition probabilities experimentally, one tries to define initial and final states as well as possible by the experimental setup. In an ideal case, initial and final

Mechanics

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Fuzzy Modeling and Fuzzy Control scattering. Except in the forward direction, this scattering (for any given angle) is increasingly dominated by scattering from the inner atomic shells as one proceeds from X-ray toward γ-ray photon energies. Depending therefore on the choice of energy and scattering angle, the process can be used