Titlebook: Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses; Yashpal Singh Malik,Raj Kumar Singh,Kuldeep Dhama Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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J. S. L. McCombie,A. P. Thirlwallviruses are transmitted via faecal route. Pathogenesis of IAVs is markedly different between wild water birds, terrestrial poultry and humans. Clinical diagnosis of AI is very difficult and often confused with other respiratory diseases of poultry. Diagnosis of AI involves isolation, identification

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ungainly

Economic Growth and the Environmentcalized lesions in humans. The orf virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of this skin infection belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus. Also, it possesses the capacity to re-infect the host due to its epitheliotropic niche and encoded immunomodulators. Goatpox, sheeppox, and orf infections pose serious eco

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Economic Growth and the Environmentestic and wild pigs). There are two enzootic cycles of JEV transmission, i.e. pig-mosquito-pig and bird-mosquito-bird cycle. The ardeid birds are the natural reservoir maintaining the JE virus, whereas pigs are the amplifier host. The disease is endemic in South-East Asian countries, and the highest

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https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137538079merging zoonotic viruses are not only potential threats to human beings but can also be harmful to wildlife species. Thus, there is a convincing and effective chance for mutual gains for the conservation of wildlife and public health by collective and collaborative attempts.

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Monkeypox Virus,, and Singapore. The frequency and geographical spread of human monkeypox cases have increased in recent years, with little understanding of the disease’s emergence, epidemiology, and ecology. Monkeypox can be diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction performed on lesion specimens. Serological tests an