Titlebook: An Introduction to Lightning; Vernon Cooray Textbook 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Atmospheric Science.Lightning.Met

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-28881-803 %), and other trace gases. Because of the ionization of air by the high-energy radiation of cosmic rays and radioactive gases generated from the Earth, each cubic centimeter of air at ground level contains approximately ten free electrons. In general, air is a good insulator, and it can retain it

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-28881-8flashes entail certain elements of electricity and magnetism that are used to describe various interactions. Some of the equations of electromagnetic theory that will be used either directly or indirectly in the book are presented here. For a complete treatment of the subject the reader is referred

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Die Anforderungen an eine Gemeindetypologie,a growing cumulus resembles the head of a cauliflower, it is called a . (Fig. 5.1b). When conditions are just right, cumulus congestus continues to grow vertically, and the result is ., the thundercloud (Fig. 5.1c). It is a giant heat engine that converts the energy of the Sun into the mechanical en

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Anmerkungen und Literatur-Hinweise,me, and the current consensus is that the mechanism proposed by this theory is the dominant one for charge separation in thunderclouds. This mechanism is based on the collision of graupel and ice crystals in a cloud.

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,Vorschläge für ein Curriculum,fortunately, it is possible to directly measure only the current at the strike point of a ground lightning flash. When discussing the features of a lightning current, we are actually referring to the features of the lightning current at the strike point. In special cases the current can be measured

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,Vorschläge für ein Curriculum,. In lightning protection knowledge of the characteristics of electromagnetic fields generated by lightning flashes is necessary in estimating the voltages and currents induced in structures by lightning flashes. The features of lightning-generated electromagnetic fields are of interest in lightning

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,Vorschläge für ein Curriculum,urrent along the channel. Unfortunately, only the return-stroke velocity and the current generated at the channel base can be measured directly, and the way in which the return-stroke current varies along the channel must be extracted indirectly. For example, the magnitude of a current and its wave