| 书目名称 | Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World | | 编辑 | Haleh Afshar (Lecturer in Politics and Women’s Stu | | 视频video | | | 丛书名称 | Women‘s Studies at York Series | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | The Third World debt crisis, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank‘s adjustment policies have compelled many countries to move towards a contraction of public sector expenditure in favour of market orientated development policies. Women in general and the poorest amongst them in particular have borne a disproportionate burden of the ensuing hardships. This book addresses the shortcomings in the current gender blind analytical frameworks of governments and financial organisations and offers alternative strategies for combating recession and poverty. | | 出版日期 | Book 1992 | | 关键词 | Chile; gender; poverty; women | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11961-5 | | isbn_ebook | 978-1-349-11961-5Series ISSN 2947-0501 Series E-ISSN 2947-051X | | issn_series | 2947-0501 | | copyright | Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1992 |
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Front Matter |
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Women, Recession and Adjustment in the Third World: Some Introductory Remarks |
Haleh Afshar,Carolyne Dennis |
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The changing political and economic circumstances of the 1980s have resulted in a radical change of policy in many Third World countries. Although the OECD countries and the newly industrialised ones, NICs, have made a recovery from the recession of the early 1980s, the Third World has not. This is in part the result of the debt crisis and deteriorating terms of trade as well as the weakness of state policy and the profligate use of international borrowing in the earlier decade. As a result, many Third World countries have had to move towards a contraction of public sector expenditure and a series of market-orientated development policies. Women in general and the poorest among them in particular have borne to a disproportionate extent, the brunt of the ensuing hardships. This volume will address the general shortcomings of the current gender-blind analytical frameworks of government and international financial organisations. The authors will delineate the specific implications that this has on women’s lives and will offer alternative strategies for combating recession and poverty.
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Can Adjustment Programmes Incorporate the Interests of Women? |
Frances Stewart |
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The 1980s were a decade of economic crisis for many developing countries, especially in Africa and Latin America. They were also years of continuous adjustments, as governments with the support, and often following the dictates, of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), tried to push their economies onto a more satisfactory path. Change, of course, is part of the normal process of development. Growing economies need to adjust ceaselessly to both exogenous and endogenous developments. But the acute problems faced by many countries in the 1980s — especially shortage of foreign exchange and often accelerating inflation — led to a special focus on the need for structural adjustment (SA). This chapter reviews how the policies aimed to bring about structural adjustment and the subsequent adjustments impinged on women in developing countries..
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Male Bias in Structural Adjustment |
Diane Elson |
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The last decade has been marked by a contrast between rising awareness of the importance of women’s contribution to the economy and continued deterioration of the world economy. Encouraged by the UN Decade for Women, many governments have set up Women’s Bureaux, or Departments for Women’s Affairs. Women’s groups across the world have campaigned for proper recognition of women’s work both as producers of goods and services, and as reproducers of human resources; and for access to the resources women require to improve the productivity of their efforts. There have been some successes in opening up new activities to women through special training programmes; and in enhancing women’s income earning opportunities through projects with women’s components, or specifically directed to women. Much of the energy of Women’s Bureaux in developing countries has been directed towards women’s projects, often in partnership with aid agency officials who have special responsibility for women and development. In market economy developed countries, much of the emphasis has been on introducing new equal opportunities legislation and enabling women to fight their cases through the courts.
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Gender Equity and Economic Efficiency in Adjustment Programmes |
Ingrid Palmer |
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Most writing on gender and adjustment points out the disproportionate negative impact on women of the new policies. There are good reasons why UNICEF sounded the alarm bells on the welfare of women and children in its ‘Adjustment with a Human Face’. Evidence was gathered about precipitous falls in maternal and child health and the parlous state of social services alongside sharp declines in real income. The economic cost of all this was depicted in terms of disinvestment in human resources. In addition there were chapters in the two volumes of the UNICEF study which described how women’s economic capabilities were especially debilitated by adjustment measures. Even before this publication there was a warning about the uncertain net outcome for women of new incentives and extra burdens in . (Sen, 1985) written for the United Nations Conference in Nairobi. More recently the Commonwealth Secretariat’s . (1989) has put the issues, raised elsewhere, in the logical order of describing women’s roles, the impact adjustment has had on them and what attempts have been made to help women. The bulk of the report tends to focus on the non-economic roles of women and on their welfare and well-be
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Adjustment from Below: Low-Income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil, Ecuador |
Caroline O. N. Moser |
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Widespread concern now exists about deteriorating standards of living, and the severe erosion of the ‘human resource base’ of the economy, in many Third World countries, after a decade of crisis from debt and recession, and the resulting stabilisation and economic structural adjustment policies (SAPs). The fact that the ‘social’ costs of SAPs have been most heavily carried by the low-income population in both rural and urban areas, has resulted in proposals to modify the adjustment process to include ‘a Human Face’ (UNICEF, 1987), with policies to ‘strengthen the human resource base’ (Demery and Addison, 1987).
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Structural Adjustment and Gender in Côte d’Ivoire |
Winifred Weekes-Vagliani |
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The purpose of this chapter is twofold: to identify and describe the impact of adjustment programmes on education, the informal sector in employment, agriculture, gender issues and family/household structure; and to use an existing household survey to get empirical evidence of these relationships in a specific setting.
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Women, Authoritarianism and Market Liberalisation in Chile, 1973–89 |
Georgina Waylen |
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This chapter will examine the impact of market liberalisation (ML) on women in Chile after the imposition of a military government in 1973. It takes as one of its fundamental premises that it is impossible to understand the impact of market liberalisation on Chilean women’s lives by looking at the economic policies in isolation from the political project of the military government. Unlike many Third World governments, the Pinochet regime adopted what was an essentially conventional programme of structural adjustment voluntarily rather than at the behest of international institutions such as the IMF and World Bank. It can be argued that these policies were implemented because they appeared to offer a way of achieving political aims: the demobilisation of the working class following a period of high politicisation was to be brought about by restructuring the economy and society away from an industrial base and an interventionist state. So while Chilean economic policies closely resemble the majority of structural adjustment packages, market liberalisation was attempted somewhat earlier in Chile and for different reasons.
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The Christian Churches and Women’s Experience of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria |
Carolyne Dennis |
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Existing accounts of the impact of structural adjustment programmes. on the populations of the countries affected have focused, understandably, on their effects on such vital indicators as infant mortality, enrolment in education and decline in real incomes.. This emphasis has been expanded to provide gendered analyses of adjustment programmes which have derived their significance from their ability to explain the impact of such programmes on households and their differential impact on household members.. There is another significant dimension to the construction of a sufficient account of structural adjustment programmes which has so far been relatively neglected. Those who have endured adjustment programmes may have had little control over the causes of the crisis or the content and implementation of the adjustment programmes but they have constructed explanations of the situations in which they find themselves. The construction of such explanations has become increasingly problematic as governments implementing adjustment policies have assumed greater political powers in order to silence opposition to these programmes..
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Women and Work: Ideology Not Adjustment at Work in Iran |
Haleh Afshar |
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The chapters in this book have concentrated on the explicit adjustment policies initiated by governments in response to the international financial restrictions imposed largely by western donors, or credit agencies. But it is important to note that both in these explicit terms and elsewhere there is a central ideological theme at work which helps render women’s work invisible and class them as unemployed, and obligated to perform domestic services.. The contention of this chapter is that such ideological constraints can, and do, impose limitations on women’s work which may be as restricting, if not more so, than economic ones. Female employment in Iran is a clear example, where despite a decade of war, massive carnage of young men and general call-up of all males over the age of twelve, there has been no rise in female employment and both in absolute and relative terms fewer women are participating in the labour market now than were fifteen years ago. This is all the more surprising since a stated policy of gender segregation at all levels should, at least in theory, have resulted in doubling employment opportunities for women working in the public and private sectors.. Furthermore
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Politicising Gender and Structural Adjustment |
Georgina Ashworth |
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If the purpose of research is to reveal, the purpose of advocacy is to see the revelation into wider consciousness and then into policy and remedial actions. This chapter is concerned not with an analysis of the impact of structural adjustment on women, but of the process of making that impact known, and postulating damage limitation and even preventative measures, as well as proposing alternatives to current forms of adjustment. It is a somewhat personal history, since it is the nature of political advocacy — about unusual and innovative issues — to travel light, so to speak, forming coalitions and caucuses as the opportunity arises.
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Final Declaration … Beyond the Debt Crisis: Structural Transformation |
Maxine Molyneux |
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The following statement was produced by the participants in an all-woman seminar on global economic issues which formed part of the ongoing work of the Women’s Alternative Economic Summit. It was timed to coincide with the United Nations special session of the General Assembly on international economic co-operation which took place from 23 to 28 April 1990. The seminar, which lasted three days, brought 50 women together from 22 countries with an additional 12 representatives of international organisations. Most of the women were from the developing countries, but among our European group was a Hungarian sociologist, a warmly welcomed presence and one which reflected the new contours of a changing world. Participants came from all regions of the world and from a variety of different contexts; there were women grass-roots activists, government ministers, project designers, campaigners and academics, representing a broad spectrum of experience and opinion. The agenda for discussion at the seminar focused on the issues raised for women by stabilisation and adjustment policies; topics ranged from macro to micro level issues, including food security, privatisation, the informal sector an
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Back Matter |
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:49:07
