Titlebook: Western Foundations of the Caste System; Martin Fárek,Dunkin Jalki,Prakash Shah Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

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Were , and , Movements Against the Caste System?,darkar 1913, 2–3). From these and other speculations, one idea became very influential among the Indian and Western scholars alike. The ascetics of ancient India have been depicted as egalitarian and anti-caste and the later . traditions have been projected as their heirs, who carried on a “millennial-long” conflict with Brahmanism.

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A Nation of Tribes and Priests: The Jews and the Immorality of the Caste System,bout one-fifth of the total population, as ‘outcastes’, had virtually no rights. They were treated worse than cattle, which even in legal theory ranked above them” (Klostermaier 2007, 296–7). Or in the words of another scholar: “Untouchables…were dehumanized by the caste Hindu order” (Rao 2010, 1).

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