Titlebook: Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology; Vera Regitz-Zagrosek Book 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 adverse effects.drug dev

ALIBI

斑驳

Sex Differences in Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases and the Role of Estrogen are incompletely understood. Multiple animal models suggest sex differences in the manifestation of CVD, and provide strong experimental evidence that different major pathways are regulated in a sex-specific manner. In most animal studies females display a lower mortality, less severe hypertrophy,

microscopic

Sex Differences at Cellular Level: “Cells Have a Sex”f cell death have been described: apart from the “classical” form of death known as necrosis, a well characterized traumatic injury of the cell, several additional forms of cell death have been identified. Among these, apoptosis has been characterized in detail. These studies stem from the implicati

Cholesterol

What a Difference an X or Y Makes: Sex Chromosomes, Gene Dose, and Epigenetics in Sexual Differentia differences in physiology and disease. The primary sex-biasing factors are those encoded on the sex chromosomes that are inherently different in the male and female zygotes. These factors, and downstream factors such as gonadal hormones, act directly on tissues to produce sex differences and antago

TOXIN

寡头政治

Sex and Gender in Adverse Drug Events, Addiction, and Placeboex–gender-related differences on drug safety profile, drug abuse/addiction, and placebo effects. For a number of drugs it is well recognized that a sex–gender dimorphic profile in terms of drug adverse effects exists and appears to be more frequent and severe in women than in men. However, it is not

Project

Considerations of Sex and Gender Differences in Preclinical and Clinical Trialsnes in the USA, Canada, the European Union, Australia, and Japan requiring the inclusion of women in clinical trials. As such, women remain a vulnerable population subject to the adverse effects of pharmacological therapies. Thus, women experience higher rates of adverse drug reactions than do men a

暂停,间歇

“Gender-Specific Drug Prescription in Germany” Results from Prescriptions Analysesome time, been similar or have even risen for the men, there are still characteristic differences between the sexes when it comes to the prescription of certain indication groups. Women are still prescribed clearly more drugs in the field of psychotropic medication, especially antidepressants, hypno

抛媚眼

使隔离