Titlebook: Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems; Insights, Promises, Hans Ulrich,Gilbert J. B. Probst Book 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin

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Towards a Theory of Social Systems: Self-Organization and Self-Maintenance, Self-Reference and Syn-Rer to discuss theoretical problems of social theory, the notion of science must first be made explicit. Following a proposal by Humberto R. Maturana (1978a) I define as “scientific” any activity that obeys the scientific method. The scientific method involves roughly four steps. These are:

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Self-Organisation: Some Theoretical Cross-Connectionstle, we speak of self-organisation. We expect that the castle was indeed one of the potentialities present in the box of bricks, but that there were so many potentialities that it was impossible to foresee them. The building bricks were pre-disposed.

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Evolutionary Managementstitute the result of an evolutionary process stretching over millions of years. Order of all forms of life and of their complex interaction patterns has evolved during and as a result of the evolutionary process, while at the same time, producing and determining the direction of that process, a direction that we can recognize with hind sight.

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Systems Approach to Management: Hopes, Promises, Doubts — A Lot of Questions and Some Afterthoughtsve you a very personal account of how I see our endeavours to understand and use systems sciences and thereby of the state of our understanding. Expectations were very high but the obstacles proved to be very difficult to overcome:

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