Titlebook: Rhinosporidiosis; Nitin M. Nagarkar,Rupa Mehta Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to S

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Epidemiology of Rhinosporidiosis,, and soft tissue mass. The aetiological agent, . has been an enigma for a century. It has been recorded in around 70 countries, with a wide range of geographical distribution and clinical manifestations. It is commonly seen in the second and third decades of life and more common in males. Rhinospor

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Microbiological Aspect of Rhinosporidiosis,y and traditionally regarded as fungus. In twentieth century—it is designated into Mesomycetozoea.. is not cultivable in artificial medium so, in literature, stages of . are described on the basis of light-microscopical and ultrastructural features of the organism in rhinosporidial tissues of humans

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Clinical Presentation: ENT Spectrum,th male gender, young and middle aged population, low socioeconomic status, rural background, O + ve blood group, and with history of pond bathing. Clinically 5 forms of rhinosporidiosis have been described in which nasal and nasopharyngeal are the commonest. Inferior turbinateis the most common sit

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Clinical Presentation: Ophthalmological Spectrum,The presentations of ocular rhinosporidiosis vary. The conjunctiva is the most common site of origin. Another site of occurrence is the Lacrimal sac, which is known as dacryosporidiosis. A vascular/cystic painless conjunctival mass should also be considered as a case of rhinosporidiosis in prone are

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Clinical Presentation: Dermatological Spectrum,neous. Varied types of cutaneous lesions have been described. Lesions of cutaneous rhinosporidiosis mimic other common dermatoses. Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous rhinosporidiosis in contrast to nasal rhinosporidiosis is difficult. The definitive diagnosis of cutaneous rhinosporidiosis is made by hi

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Clinical Presentation: Musculoskeletal Spectrum,oridiosis, as a part of disseminated rhinosporidiosis, and as a primary manifestation, without any evidence of lesions elsewhere. Osteolytic lesions involving the tibia, lateral condyle femur, hand and feet, and calcaneus have been reported. Isolated involvement bone is rare in rhinosporidiosis. Her

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Investigations and Diagnosis,y, clinical examination, endoscopy, and radiological studies. Radiological investigation is important for diagnosis and surgical planning of the patient in cases of recurrent or extensive disease. Presence of fungal sporangiospores inside the sporangium of rhinosporidial mass confirms the diagnosis

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Treatment of Rhinosporidiosis,and dilemmas surrounding its various aspects including management. The definitive treatment modality for rhinosporidiosis is surgical excision of mass with cauterization of base, the latter being a key step in reducing disease recurrence. The current surgical methods involve the use of various power

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Pharmacological Aspects of Rhinosporidiosis,enge. Various pharmacological interventions that have been tried including dapsone, cycloserine, ketoconazole and liposomal amphotericin B. However, the evidence of benefit is limited for these pharmacological interventions.

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Pathological Aspects of Rhinosporidiosis,opical hot climate is favorable for the organism thus, hyperendemicity is seen in Sri Lanka and South India, also found in Central India. It belongs to class Mesomycetozoa after a long debate on its taxonomic classification as the life cycle of pathogen is still unknown and cannot be cultured in vit