Titlebook: Norman Kings of Sicily and the Rise of the Anti-Islamic Critique; Baptized Sultans Joshua C. Birk Book 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) a

Fantasy

The End of Muslim Sicily,ghlights Pope Innocent III’s argument that Markward of Anweiler’s association with Muslims made him an enemy of the church. Birk argues that this marks an innovation in the discourse surrounding Sicilian Muslims, as it was the first time that a writer presented Muslim service as negative, rather than symbolic of royal power.

运动性

Reclaim

Introduction,tin intellectuals at the time. Birk contends that this only changed beginning late in the twelfth century, following Pope Innocent III’s novel argument that association with Muslims made the monarchy an enemy of the church.

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flimsy

subacute

吞吞吐吐

Book 2016e objectives. First, it establishes how and why the Norman rulers of Sicily, all of whom were Christians, incorporated Muslim soldiers, farmers, scholars, and bureaucrats into the formation of their own royal identities and came to depend on their Muslim subjects to project and enforce their politic

Latency

Book 2016 the wider world of Latin Christendom during the time period. Finally, it contextualizes and explains the eventual emergence of Christian popular violence against Muslims in Sicily in the latter half of the twelfth century and the evolution of a wider discourse of anti-Islamic sentiment throughout Western Europe.

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乐意

Saracen Soldiers: Muslim Participation in Norman Military Expeditions,strict binary opposition at the time. Birk focuses on the integration of Muslims into the armies of Roger I, from his alliance with the Muslim amir Ibn al-Thumna in 1061 to the use of thousands of Muslim soldiers in the late twelfth century, including their integration into the Norman armies of Sout