Titlebook: Management of Boreal Forests; Theories and Applica Seppo Kellomäki Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exc

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Physiology, Growth, and Acclimatizing of Boreal Tree Species to Climate to the genetic properties of trees, environmental conditions, and structure of trees. Environmental factors may be divided into energetic (radiation, heat, mechanical forces) and material (carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, nutrients) factors. Energy factors are driving forces, which maintain the metab

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Preparation of Site for Natural Regeneration and Planting in Reforestatione is secondarily free from the influence of the previous production cycle. However, many previous ecological interactions are still working, thus reducing or enhancing the regeneration and consequent growth. Therefore, preparatory management may be needed for increasing the regeneration success and

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Management of Spacing in Pre-commercial Phaseovides no timber, but biomass for different purposes may be obtained. Management of seedling stands is divided into cleaning and spacing. In cleaning, the between-species interaction is reduced. Clearing removes the long-term impacts of competing trees on preferred trees, but it further allows contr

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Fertilization in Management of Site Fertilityd is a function of the photosynthetic capacity, which is related to the nitrogen uptake and supply to physiological processes. Site fertility, stand age, and growth at the time of fertilization affect the growth response, which is larger in young than in older trees. Fertilization only with nitrogen