Titlebook: Mammals and Birds as Bioindicators of Trace Element Contaminations in Terrestrial Environments; An Ecotoxicological Elżbieta Kalisińska Bo

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Iodine, Iild range animals is subject to evaluation only occasionally. For most wild-ranging species of mammals and birds, there is no information about iodine requirements. As more than 90% of dietary iodine is expelled by the kidneys, urine is found to be a good study material to assess recent iodine intak

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Nickel, Niumulate it in higher amounts. Studies on the evaluation of possible biomarkers of Ni exposure have been carried out mainly on humans, but no clear and measurable relationship has been found so far. Some initial findings linked Ni exposure with a decrease in δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity

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Selenium, Sely (pronghorn and bighorn sheep), are considered as good bioindicators of environmental selenium levels. From the carnivorous animals, common selenium bioindicators are a fox, mink, and raccoon. The content of Se in the organism is usually evaluated in the liver and kidneys.

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Zinc, Znom a limited parental foraging area. Zinc concentrations in the tissues of mammals and birds depend both on biological factors (e.g., age, physiological condition, animal species, sex, and age) and environmental factors (e.g., supply of Zn in the diet). Long-term bioindication research conducted on

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