Titlebook: Law, Order and Freedom; A Historical Introdu C.W. Maris,F.C.L.M. Jacobs Textbook 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Antiquity a

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GRAVE

Antiquity and the Middle Ages,, the good is thus objectively present in (the higher sphere of) nature. This implies a . concept of ethics, which commands man to align himself fully with an ideal of perfection. (Natural) Law, in this view, serves to enforce compliance with this perfectionist morality, and thus to ensure that man

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The Commencement of the Modern Age,al, as well as the notion of the social contract. The Scientific Revolution in this period led to a worldview which deviated radically from the Christian-Aristotelian outlook of the preceding period. This raised a number of new problems regarding the foundation of a duty to obey the law. The most im

戏法

Hobbes, Locke, and Spinoza,es bases his argument on a completely amoral point of view: the self-interest of the individual man in light of his instinct for survival. Locke, on the other hand, adopts a moral perspective: the . to freedom of an individual. These different points of departure lead to dissimilar views of the role

MIRE

stratum-corneum

The Synthesis of Kant,manoeuvre with which Kant relativises the validity of science, he secures a space for ethics. The causal relations into which science organises reality are after all similarly a human construction. Reality as such may look quite different. Whether this is the case we cannot possibly know. In Kant’s

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蚀刻

,Twentieth Century: 1900–1945,ividual autonomy would come about too. This requires a liberal social democracy. However, on closer inspection the emancipation ethics of the positivists seems to be at odds with their thesis that norms do not follow from facts. In the legal context, this leads to Legal Realism: law is viewed as a s

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,Twentieth Century: 1945–2000,ovide the setting for one of the central issues to be discussed in this chapter, that is, whether cultural (and individual) pluralism inevitably leads to relativism or whether the Enlightenment ideals and liberal human rights have a universal import.

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