Titlebook: Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution; Nikki R. Keddie Book 1995 Nikki R. Keddie 1995 ideology.Iran.Islam.Middle East.revol

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the past century; the degree to which its religion, Shi‘ism, is revolutionary; and the history of revolutionary and resistance movements in the modern Muslim world. The author stresses historical change, such as the change of Twelver Shi‘ism from political quietism to revolutionary opposition, and

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Introduction,ution’s dominant and ultimately victorious ideology was not only religious, but a variety of Islam that claimed to be traditional rather than radical. Also, its main victorious leaders were clerics — something unprecedented in the history of revolution.

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Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective,xternal comparison with other great world revolutions, employing theories of revolution that fit the Iranian case. The 1978–79 revolution differed from other “great” revolutions in the centrality of an “orthodox” religious ideology. It also differs from most pre-1979 Third World revolutions in being urban-centered.

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Islam, Politics, and Revolt: Some Unorthodox Considerations,n, Bourguiba, and Nasser a brief contemporary exception. A 1988 statement of this widespread view, and its supposed radical contrast with Christendom, is found in Bernard Lewis’s book, ., where he says:

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Book 1995orld. The author stresses historical change, such as the change of Twelver Shi‘ism from political quietism to revolutionary opposition, and also previously unnoticed factors in revolution, such as the multi-urban character of all Iran‘s modern revolutions.

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Can Revolutions be Predicted: Can Their Causes be Understood?,ility, the Islamic revolution. All the evidence is to the contrary. To take the best control group: U.S. scholars of modern Iran, who were doing research there in large numbers in the 1970s, did not predict anything like the revolution that occurred.