Titlebook: Introduction to Knot Theory; Richard H. Crowell,Ralph H. Fox Textbook 1963 R. H. Crowell and C. Fox 1963 Knot theory.Manifold.Topology.alg

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The Free Calculus and the Elementary Ideals,tudy the necessary algebraic machinery for defining these invariants. Specialization to presentations of knot groups in Chapter VIII then leads naturally to the knot polynomials. With these invariants we can easily distinguish many knot types.

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Calculation of Fundamental Groups,the fundamental group as formed from the set of classes of equivalent loops based at a point, it is geometrically apparent that the spaces shown in Figure 14 below have the same, or isomorphic, fundamental groups.

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