Titlebook: Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern; Sven Erik Jørgensen Book 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1992 ecology.ecosyst

闪光东本

Iatrogenic

Introduction: Recent Trends in Science,e von Bertalanffy (1952) and E.P. Odum (1953). The real “take off” with tail wind coming from society started, however, round the mid sixties as a result of the environmental discussion, triggered by - among many outstanding environmental books - Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” (1962), while Ko

ETHER

Do We Need a New, Holistic Ecology?,roached from two sides: a reductionistic, where the relationships are found one by one and put together afterwards and a holistic one, where the entire system is considered and it is attempted to reveal properties on the system level.

abduction

Models in Ecology,of our knowledge elements and the available data. If our knowledge and data of a given problem are poor, it must . be expected that the model of the system can fill the holes in our detailed knowledge or repair a poor set of data. On the other hand, models are able to provide new knowledge about the

抑制

小虫

Utility Theory, Indirect Effect and Ascendency,/or information. The application of the network representation makes it possible to survey the total system in its entity and thereby to observe how the various parts of the system may be influenced by changes in inputs and outputs; see Section 7.1. The obvious next step would, however, be to examin

Rinne-Test

Catastrophe Theory and Ecology,em, governed by a scalar potential function and dependent on up to five external variables, changes in the equilibrium values of state variables for slow changes in the parameters (caused by the forcing functions). The system can be modelled by one out of seven canonical functions. These functions c

出没

hemoglobin

surrogate

A Tentative Pattern of Ecosystem Theories,stem theories presented in this volume. It is on the other hand necessary to try to unite the theories and examine if they are tied up in contradictions or form a pattern that can be used to give a better understanding of the nature of ecosystems and to solve the global environmental problems.