Titlebook: Handbook of Inpatient Endocrinology; Rajesh K. Garg,James V. Hennessey,Jeffrey R. Garbe Book 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Adre

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Severe Hypercalcemia, studies. They do not typically require immediate treatment. In distinction to patients with mild hypercalcemia, patients with severe hypercalcemia are often symptomatic and usually require urgent admission and treatment. In addition to treating the acute hypercalcemia, the underlying cause must be

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Hypocalcemia,deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, excessive urinary calcium losses, and inadequate intestinal calcium absorption. Symptomatic hypocalcemia is a medical emergency and is treated with intravenous calcium gluconate. Intravenous calcium gluconate is a temporary fix since calcium is freely

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Perioperative Evaluation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism,for parathyroidectomy and reviewing the imaging studies inform the surgical approach. With an experienced surgeon, the cure rate for primary hyperparathyroidism is very high. Regular monitoring of calcium, albumin, and occasional PTH measurements are required after parathyroidectomy to confirm surgi

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Inpatient Management of Hyperkalemia,q/L with symptoms or EKG changes requires immediate treatment. Initial treatment with calcium gluconate will stabilize the cardiac myocyte membrane, while other therapies such as insulin and beta agonists promote intracellular uptake. For patients with normal or moderately reduced renal function, lo

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Adrenalectomy, is important to determine whether there is an indication for surgery and whether a fine needle aspiration biopsy is indicated. In addition, all patients with adrenal masses should undergo a clinical and biochemical evaluation for hormonal excess (excess cortisol, aldosterone, catecholamines, androg