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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-87626-3h has been termed ‘the growth of government’. This refers to the increasing importance that government activities have come to play in the economic affairs of the industrialised democracies. Many economic and political commentators regard this with some alarm. Indeed, since about1980, most governmen

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转折点

Competitivenessand France and the parallel decline of the economies of the UK and the USA. In 1950, of the 16 countries whose gross domestic product (GDP) per capita are shown in Table 1.1, the UK was one of the richest. Compared to the UK, the per capita GDP of Japan, in 1950, was approximately one-quarter, Germa

争议的苹果

Accounting for Growth and the Productivity Slowdownut with smaller input quantities. More often than not (as, for example, in the previous chapter) productivity is interpreted to mean ‘labour productivity’, that is to say it refers to output per unit of labour employed where this unit may be defined either as an employee or as an hour worked by an e

撕裂皮肉

Economic Policy and Productive Performanceproducts that embodied large amounts of value added.. This chapter builds on this observation by considering ways and means for improving productive performance; however, before doing that it sets the context for the discussion on policy by examining the size of the productivity gap (expressed in te

Indict

Human Capital, Education and Trainingd knowledge enhance productivity and, moreover, they do so by enough to justify the expenditure undertaken to acquire them. Thus, spending to increase the stock of human capital should be viewed as ‘investment’, not as ‘consumption’. The return to investment in human capital is the increased amount

visual-cortex

The Measurement of Unemploymentnt matters are that ‘it generally reduces output and aggregate income; it increases inequality, since the unemployed lose more than the employed; it erodes human capital; and finally it involves psychic costs – people need to be needed’.. In 1992, 16 million people, one in ten of the EU’s labour for

使坚硬

Unemployment and Labour Market (In)Flexibilityarked shift in opinion as to the appropriate policies that should be followed in order to combat unemployment. In particular, the cosy certainties of the 1950s and 1960s that demand management policies could deliver full employment have (as the previous chapter showed) given way to the realisation t

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