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Low Temperature Measurement Techniques,es are needed, and they must be studied at temperatures as low as a few milliKelvin. In this section, I will describe the operation of the dilution refrigerator, with which we may obtain milliKelvin temperatures. I will also briefly review some low noise techniques for low temperature measurements, namely lock-in amplifiers and circuits.

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Universality of the Fractional Quantum Hall State-to-Nematic Phase Transition at Half-Filling in thhe . = 5∕2 fractional quantum Hall state. Importantly, we find that . = 7∕2 also undergoes the fractional quantum Hall state-to-nematic transition. Although there are key differences between the two transitions, this observation highlights the similar physics of these two states.

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