Titlebook: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology; Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld Book 2017 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Gastrointestinal disord

AXIOM

Neuroimmune Modulation of Gut Function,ls, which form a functional entity called the “neuroimmune synapse.” There are several mechanisms that further facilitate neuroimmune interactions including the anatomic proximity between immune cells and nerves, the expression of receptors for neurotransmitters on immune cells and for immune mediat

拥挤前

AXIOM

情感脆弱

PANIC

Insights into the Role of Opioid Receptors in the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Rl dysfunction. Opioid drugs interact with three classes of opioid receptors: mu opioid receptors (MORs), delta opioid receptors (DOR), and kappa opioid receptors (KORs), but opioid drugs mostly target the MORs. Upon stimulation, opioid receptors couple to inhibitory Gi/Go proteins that activate or i

意外的成功

Grating

Centrally Targeted Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Abdominal Pain: Understanding and Management,erience within a biopsychosocial context are central in order to select treatment that has a chance for symptom reduction. With current knowledge of brain–gut interactions, chronic abdominal pain, which mostly appears in functional gastrointestinal disorders, to a large extent involves pain mechanis

Commentary

The Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Visceral Pain,

Ophthalmoscope

凶兆

Constipation: Pathophysiology and Current Therapeutic Approaches,ges such as encouraging adequate fluid and fibre intake, regular exercise, and dietary modification. Laxatives are the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment for potential long-term therapy in patients who do not respond to lifestyle or dietary modification. After a failed empiric trial of laxatives, d