Titlebook: Emerging Concepts Targeting Immune Checkpoints in Cancer and Autoimmunity; Akihiko Yoshimura Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and T

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Regulatory T Cells: Molecular and Cellular Basis for Immunoregulationtion factor FOXP3. Tregs are proven to play central roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance in healthy individuals. Tregs are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis: they protect hosts from developing autoimmune diseases and allergy, whereas in malignancies, they promote tumor progression by

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Regulatory Dendritic Cellsered to be essential antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs) that play crucial roles in activation and fine-tuning of innate and adaptive immunity under inflammatory conditions, as well as induction of immune tolerance to maintain immune homeostasis under steady-state conditions. Furthermore, DC functi

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Role of PD-1 in Immunity and Diseasesity, mainly T cells, and B cells, are able to distinguish self from non-self, they sometimes attack the body’s tissues because of imperfect central tolerance. Several immune check points developed to limit overactivation of these cells. One of the most important immune checkpoints is programmed cell

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CTLA-4, an Essential Immune-Checkpoint for T-Cell Activationg costimulatory receptors, CD28 and CTLA-4, on T cells bind to the same ligands (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and provide positive and negative feedback for T-cell activation, respectively. Early studies suggested that CTLA-4 is induced on activated T cells and binds to CD80/CD

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Mining the Complex Family of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases for Checkpoint Regulators in Immunityrity are present in immune cells and play various roles in either inhibiting or promoting the duration and amplitude of signaling cascades. Several PTPs, including TC-PTP (PTPN2) and SHP-1 (PTPN6), have been recognized as being crucial for maintaining proper immune response and self-tolerance, and h

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Immune Regulation by Ubiquitin Tagging as Checkpoint Codefrom attacking its own tissues to maintain immune tolerance. The balance of activation and tolerance is tightly controlled by diverse mechanisms, since breakdown of tolerance could result in disastrous consequences such as the development of autoimmune diseases. One of the mechanisms is by the means