Titlebook: Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668–1703; Carl A. Hanson Book 1981 University of Minnesota 1981 baroque.economy.society

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Limited

,Polen — Tradition und Galanterie,he fifteenth century onwards and helped establish a colonial enterprise that in its extent and longevity has few rivals in history. Many of the monumental voyages of discovery that thrust European power and influence into exotic and unknown lands were led by courageous Portuguese sailors like Vasco

臭名昭著

,Polen — Tradition und Galanterie, era. Organized into orders, or “estates,” European society was divided into three basic juridical categories: the nobility, the clergy, and the common people. Theoretically, the leadership of such societies was vested in national monarchies that, after centuries of combating papal pretensions to su

教义

evince

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-3613-4vities of the Holy Inquisition. The struggle that ensued lasted for more than a decade and was finally resolved in favor of the status quo. Though issues of race and religion characterized the debate that raged between pro- and anti-New Christian factions, class conflict lay at the root of the strug

反复拉紧

异端邪说下

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-08301-6ection of government revenues. During these years, price levels for most basic commodities dropped markedly, reaching their nadir in the late 1680s.. According to Frédéric Mauro, the period was characterized by an insufficiency of precious metals, capital shortages, and limited wars.. The cyclical n