Titlebook: Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Extremity; Etiology and Managem Donald R. Laub Jr. Book 2021Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG

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Genetics of Associated Syndromes feature. In this chapter, only the syndromes in which the CAUE are defining or major features are included. For each of these syndromes, the genetic basis, including specific genes, if known, is included. The syndromes are reviewed by their involvement of the major types of CAUE: polydactyly, synda

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Radial Longitudinal Deficiency: Radius Hypoplasiaom underdevelopment to complete absence of the radial-sided structures. The presence of RLD has been associated with many medical conditions, the most notable being thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome, VACTERL association, Holt-Oram syndrome, and Fanconi anemia. Treatment of RLD varies depending

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Radial Longitudinal Deficiency: Congenital Thumb Hypoplasia modification of Blauth’s classification maintains the integrity of Müller’s concept of a teratogenic sequence of increasing severity of thumb hypoplasia and the original Blauth distinction between Grades 2 and 3 according to the presence or absence of the proximal metacarpal. Sub-division within Gr

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Dorsal–Ventral Deficiencyentral axis of limb development. Ventral deficiency (also known as dorsal dimelia) and dorsal deficiency (also known as ventral dimelia) have been induced in experimental animals and have also been observed in humans. The pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment of these deficiencies are p

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