Titlebook: Cocoa Pioneer Fronts since 1800; The Role of Smallhol William Gervase Clarence-Smith (Reader in Economic Book 1996 William Gervase Clarence

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,The Eastern Venezuela Pioneer Front, 1830s–1930s: The Role of the Corsican Trade Network,en they hit the mountains, favouring the growth of dense tropical rainforest and the development of shaded cocoa cultivation. Set between the Gulfs of Cariaco and Paria, the peninsula marks the final extension of the coastal mountain range and is part of present-day Sucre state. The rocky formations

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,Ecuadorian Cocoa Production and Trade 1840–1925,1979, 161–2) this process can be ‘nominal’ or ‘effective’. The first occurs when incorporation does not change the dominant patterns of production and reproduction in the newly incorporated territory. The second takes place when these patterns are transformed. Arrighi further distinguishes two kinds

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,A Cocoa Pioneer Front, 1890–1914: Planters, Merchants and Government Policy in Bahia,tadores. Throughout the colonial period it proved a source of wealth but its overall commercial significance remained small. By 1900 mainland Latin America still shipped a major proportion of all world cocoa. But its centre of of cultivation had shifted markedly during nineteenth and early twentieth

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,Equatorial Guinea: The Struggle for a Cocoa Economy, 1880–1930,mé and Príncipe. The largest West African island (roughly 800 square miles) stood outside the region’s slave plantation economies. Fernando Póo’s indigenous people, the non-iron producing and Bantu-speaking Bubi, remained unconquered by European imperialism until the late nineteenth century. Spain c

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,Cocoa Farming in Cameroon, , 1914 – , 1960: Land and Labour, British Mandate zone, cocoa played a crucial role in the economy of the French territory, especially after World War II. Over 500 000 Cameroonians in the French sphere, that is approximately 12 per cent of the entire population, were more or less dependent on cocoa during the last decade of colonia

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Mode of Production or Mode of Cultivation: Explaining the Failure of European Cocoa Planters in Com 1891 (Tudhope, 1909–10, 34); only twenty years later it became the world’s largest producer with a harvest of nearly 40 000 tons; and in 1923 the harvest was over 200 000 tons for the first time (Kay, 1972, 336). Given that the average gap between planting and first fruiting was about five years (A

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,Côte d’Ivoire’s Pioneer Fronts: Historical and Political Determinants of the Spread of Cocoa Cultiv British colonies of Nigeria and Ghana (Gold Coast). The large-scale diffusion of cocoa came later in Côte d’Ivoire, and was associated with a more interventionist and restrictive colonial policy on the part of France. Moreover, coffee cultivation was combined with that of cocoa from the 1930s. Last

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