Titlebook: Clinical and Surgical Aspects of Congenital Heart Diseases; Text and Study Guide Georgios Tagarakis,Ahmed Gheni Sarfan,Joseph Varne Textboo

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Diagnosis of CHD During Perinatal Life,ems remains challenging and requires collaboration among teams of cardiologists and specialists in fetal ultrasonography. This chapter provides an overview of fetal ultrasonography and the views required to make a perinatal CHD diagnosis. Furthermore, the characteristics of each defect on fetal ultrasonography have been discussed.

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Bicuspid Aortic Valve,Diagnosis is based on echocardiographic changes. In the pre-surgical era, the diagnosis and treatment of BAV were difficult with a high mortality rate. Now, with the advancement in medicine field, valve replacement is the mainstay for treatment.

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André Haller,Hendrik Michael,Lucas Seebery implicated. Genetic variations occur spontaneously, but evidence of familial diseases passing as recessive alleles is well-documented. With advances in genetic analyses, copy number variations (CNVs), which changed thousands of bases consisting of coding and noncoding sequences, were suspected as

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Roberto Mincigrucci,Anna Stanzianous VSD. Small VSD can be detected by the presence of holosystolic high-pitched systolic murmur. The management of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) is dependent on the size of the defect and degree of shunting. Patients with moderate to large defects who are diagnosed as infants must be continuously

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