书目名称 | Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2024 | 副标题 | Process–Structure–Pr | 编辑 | Zhiwei Peng,Mingming Zhang,Shadia Ikhmayies | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/225/224002/224002.mp4 | 丛书名称 | The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series | 图书封面 |  | 描述 | The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:.· Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process-structure-property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials...· Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. ..· Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. ..· Characterization of structural, morphological,and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. ..· Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. ..· Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffracti | 出版日期 | Conference proceedings 2024 | 关键词 | Conference Proceedings; Applications; Materials science; Materials Characterization; Materials Processin | 版次 | 1 | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50304-7 | isbn_softcover | 978-3-031-50306-1 | isbn_ebook | 978-3-031-50304-7Series ISSN 2367-1181 Series E-ISSN 2367-1696 | issn_series | 2367-1181 | copyright | The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2024 |
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Front Matter |
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Effect of Si on Microstructural and Magnetic Behaviour of Heat-Treated High Carbon Steel |
Negin Sarmadi,Farshid Pahlevani,Sanjith Udayakumar,Smitirupa Biswal,Clemens Ulrich,Veena Sahajwalla |
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Silicon (Si) is a versatile alloying element that can enhance the performance of high carbon steel by contributing to deoxidation, grain refinement, hardenability, strength, and toughness. The study investigates the influence of Si (0.8–3.6%) on the microstructural and magnetic properties of high carbon steel. The arrangement and density of magnetic moments, which are affected by the microstructure determines the saturation magnetisation of the material. Industrial-grade high carbon steel samples with varying silica were microstructurally tailored to obtain multi-phase steel microstructures. The optical and SEM analyses revealed a combination of cementite and plate martensite, wherein the martensitic structures became finer with higher Si content. The evolution of martensitic microstructures along with mild oxidation of Si inclusions in the grain boundaries of the surface were observed using Confocal microscopy. An increase in the cementite with an accompanied decrease in the martensitic fraction was determined by the quantitative analysis of the X-ray diffractograms. The saturation magnetisation (M.) of the samples witnessed a gradual decrease with increase in the Si content. Sili
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Estimation Prediction of CaO–SiO,–Fe,O Slag System Based on Microstructure Analysis |
Rui Zhang,Ting-an Zhang,Zhihe Dou,Mao Chen |
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Abstract
Understanding the transformation mechanism of the viscosity of the CaO–SiO.–Fe.O slag is of great significance for improving the quality of liquid steel and ensuring the smooth smelting process. In this study, the viscosity values of the CaO–SiO.–Fe.O system at different temperatures were measured, and its melt structure was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The microstructure analysis of the viscosity was then given from the perspective of melt structure. On this basis, a viscosity prediction model that depends on the concentration of oxygen bonds was established using the molar fractions of oxygen bonds calculated by structural analysis. By comparing the measured and calculated values of viscosity, it was found that the deviation of all data was within 0.1 Pa s, showing the higher accuracy and stability of the current model.
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Optimization of Energy Efficiency of Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking |
A. Xu,R. Zhu,G. Wei,H. Zhang,R. Zhao |
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To enhance the production efficiency of electric arc furnaces, conserve energy, and reduce consumption, a study was conducted to analyze the energy efficiency of electric arc furnace steelmaking. Through this analysis, an energy efficiency evaluation technology for electric arc furnace steelmaking was developed. The application of this technology enables the optimization of oxygen supply and power supply systems, leading to improved energy efficiency, reduced power supply time, shortened smelting cycles, and achieving cost reduction and efficiency enhancement in smelting processes. An industrial application test was conducted in a steel mill, comparing the results with the original working conditions. The outcomes demonstrated significant improvements. Under normal production conditions, the average values for various parameters are as follows: power supply time reduced by 2.12 min, smelting cycle shortened by 1.8 min, power consumption decreased by 37.3 kWh/t, power reduced by 0.4 MW, slag composition improved, metal recovery rate enhanced, and improvements in both energy efficiency and chemical energy efficiency were achieved.
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Numerical Multi-field Coupling Simulation of Multiple Slab Stacks Heated by Natural Gas Combustion i |
Bo Liu,Dong Yue,Jiulin Tang,Liangying Wen |
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A multi-field coupling numerical simulation calculates the natural gas flow, combustion, and gas–solid heat transfer processes in a trolley furnace using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, coupled with a turbulence model (Realizable k-ε model), a combustion model (EDC), and a radiation model (DO). This work has investigated the characteristics of components, temperature, and velocity along the axial course of a high-speed burner burning natural gas. The flow field and temperature distribution of the combustion flue gas in a trolley-type heating furnace are analyzed. The surface temperature distribution and its internal temperature deviation of a three-slab stack in a trolley furnace are studied and the heating uniformity of the slabs is evaluated.
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Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Materials Through Experimental Modal Tests |
Jagesh Kumar Prusty,Sukesh Chandra Mohanty |
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Characterizing viscoelastic polymers is challenging due to their unique combination of elastic and viscous properties. Accurate identification of their mechanical properties is crucial for understanding their dynamic behaviour. Traditional methods like creep and stress relaxation tests are time-consuming and require specialized equipment. To address this, a novel inverse technique is proposed in this study for estimating the storage and loss moduli of viscoelastic materials using experimental modal test data. The technique considers a three-layered sandwich structure with isotropic face layers and a viscoelastic core layer. By integrating experimental measurements with mathematical modelling, an iterative process updates material parameters to minimize the difference between model and experimental results. Experimental case studies using dynamic mechanical analysis tests validate the technique, showing accurate estimation of frequency-dependent moduli with < 3% maximum error. This non-destructive and cost-effective approach enables improved material selection, design optimization, and enhanced performance in various engineering applications.
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Microwave and Conventional Carbothermic Reduction of Chromite Ore: A Comparison |
Huimin Tang,Zhiwei Peng,Tianle Yin,Lei Ye,Qiang Zhong,Mingjun Rao |
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Abstract
The reduction of chromite ore is an important step in the production of ferrochromium alloy and stainless steel. The comparison between conventional and microwave reduction of chromite ore was investigated in this study with a focus on the effect of reduction time. Compared to conventional reduction, microwave reduction of chromite ore was more efficient by breaking the stable chromium-containing spinel structure, improving reduction performance of the ore with generation of large Fe–Cr particles. By fixing reduction temperature of 1100 °C and C/O molar ratio of 1.2, the metallization degrees of chromium and iron of the briquettes constituted by chromite ore and coke after microwave reduction increased from 91.57 and 83.03% to 93.53 and 85.78%, respectively, with increasing time from 0 to 120 min, which were higher than those obtained by conventional reduction for 4 h (7.00% for chromium and 67.26% for iron).
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Upgrading Iron Ore by Microwave Desulfurization with Reduction of Harmful SO2 Emission |
Lei Ye,Ran Tian,Guanwen Luo,Huimin Tang,Jian Zhang,Mingjun Rao,Zhiwei Peng |
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Abstract
In this study, a novel method for simultaneously improving desulfurization of iron ore and lowering SO. emission in flue gas at low temperature by microwave roasting of the ore with the addition of urea was proposed. The results showed that the desulfurization percentage of iron ore increased significantly with lower SO. emission in flue gas when urea was added. By adding 1.5 wt% urea into iron ore and roasting the mixture at 250 ℃ for 60 min, the desulfurization percentage of roasted iron ore reached 67.37% and the SO. emission in flue gas decreased by 74.68%. After leaching of the roasted ore with water at room temperature for 30 min, the residual sulfur content of the leaching product decreased to 0.21 wt%. This study provided a good example for efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly desulfurization of iron ore.
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Characterisation and Pre-concentration of a Pegmatite Columbite Ore for Niobium Extraction |
Abraham Adeleke,Samson Adegbola,Ayodele Daniyan |
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Abstract
A columbite ore of pegmatite origin was characterised by subjecting it to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and diffraction (XRD) analyses as well as scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis. The sample was pre-concentrated with shaking table to upgrade its niobium content. The XRF analysis shows that the ore contains niobium and zirconium at 2.29 and 2.52 wt%, concentrations, respectively. The XRD chart gave prominent peaks at 2. angles of 27.31, 30.38, 35.79, 38.07, 53.60, 55.92, and 63.70°, which indicate orthorhombic crystal structure of the columbite-iron (FeNbO.) mineral phase. The SEM–EDS spot analyses showed points with Nb, Pt, Si, and Ta having 59.55, 34.03, 33.83, and 16.37 wt% concentrations, respectively. FTIR analysis reveals strong absorption band for Ta and Nb oxides in the regions 1100–1000 cm. and 900–800 cm., respectively. Shaking tabling pre-concentration increased the Nb assay from 2.29 in the ore to 3.65 wt% in the concentrate.
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Soda-Ash Roasting Behavior of Ludwigite Ore Under Different Oxygen Concentrations |
Jinxiang You,Mingjun Rao,Zhiwei Peng,Guanghui Li |
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Efficient and comprehensive utilization of the ludwigite ore in China has an important strategic significance. However, the significant challenge is the development of highly efficient boron and iron separation process. Soda-ash roasting proves to be a facile approach for boron activation and extraction, wherein magnetite frequently was converted to hematite, which affects the subsequent recovery of iron. This work investigated the phase transformations, microstructure evolution and magnetism changes of soda-ash roasted ludwigite ore under different O. concentrations at 1123 K. Results indicate that Fe.O. was not obviously oxidized to Fe.O. but reacted with MgO to form Mg.Fe.O. and Mg.Fe.O, when the O. concentration is not more than 5.0 vol%. As the O. concentration further increased, Fe.O. was converted to Fe.O. and MgFe.O..
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Effect of Pretreatment During Leaching of Chambishi Copper–Cobalt Air Roast–Leach Calcine Residue |
Alexander Oniel Noel Old,Yotamu Rainford Stephen Hara,Phenny Mwaanga,Geshom Mwandila,Bawemi Sichinga |
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Copper–cobalt calcine leach tailings material from Chambishi township of Copperbelt province of Zambia is refractory in nature due to the presence of copper/cobalt silicate and residual sulphide minerals. With the aim of solubilizing copper and cobalt, the material was pre-treated by roasting in air alone and combination of air and elemental sulphur. As-received material was characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. Leaching without pre-treatment gave poor recoveries (< 45%) for copper and cobalt. Roasting of the feed material in air alone had no and little effect on improving leach efficiencies of copper and cobalt, respectively. On the other hand, copper and cobalt recoveries of 70 and 80% were obtained after roasting the feed material with elemental sulphur. The effects of roasting temperature and dosing of elemental sulphur were studied.
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Assessing MgO/Al2O3 Effect on Limonitic Laterite Sintering Process |
Yikang Tu,Yuanbo Zhang,Zijian Su |
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Abstract
Sintering-blast furnace process is one of the most common methods for treating limonitic laterite. To reduce the negative impact of high aluminum content on the viscosity of blast furnace slag, adjusting the MgO/Al.O. ratio of sinter is simple and effective. However, the effect of MgO/Al.O. on the sintering process of limonitic laterite is still not clear. In this study, the effect of MgO/Al.O. ratio on the output and quality indexes, phase compositions, and liquid phase content of sinter was investigated detailly. The results indicated that within the range of MgO/Al.O. of 0.1–0.4, the output and quality indexes of the limonitic laterite sinter showed minimal fluctuations. While the value exceeded 0.4, the liquid phase content in the sinter significantly decreased, leading to a reduction of sinter strength. The MgO content in the liquid phase approached saturation after 0.4 MgO/Al.O., further increasing the ratio would cause MgO to accumulate in spinel.
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Separation of Iron and Phosphorus from High-Phosphorus Oolitic Hematite Using Direct Reduction and M |
Guangheng Ji,Xu Gao,Wanlin Wang |
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Abstract
To efficiently utilize high-phosphorus oolitic hematite, phosphorus should be separated from iron, thus a process of direct reduction and magnetic separation was proposed. The physicochemical properties of oolitic hematite before and after treatment were characterized through analysis of the chemical composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The influence of various experimental parameters on the upgrading iron and phosphorus removal was investigated, including reduction temperature, reduction dose, and reduction time. Additionally, mass conservation was employed to determine the distribution and migration path of phosphorus from apatite to the slag, gas phase, and metallic iron. Results indicated that the optimal experimental conditions for achieving high recovery ratios of metallic iron and high removal ratios of phosphorus were the temperature of 1200 °C, reduction time of 120 min, and C/O molar ratio of 1.2. Under these conditions, 95.28% of iron was collected as metallic iron, while 70.02% of phosphorus remained in the slag residue. Therefore, the proposed method effectively restrained the reductio
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Technology Development and Process Optimization of Bottom-Blowing O2–CO2–CaO in Dephosphorization Co |
Xin Ren,Kai Dong,Rong Zhu,Lingzhi Yang |
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In the 300 t dephosphorization converter, the bottom-blowing O.–CO.–CaO technology has been developed and a range of tests executed to optimize the top-blowing parameters. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out on the effects of “tapping temperature .”, “slag basicity .” and “slag T.Fe content” on the end-point P content, based on data gathered from nearly 2000 smelting operations, using single-factor analysis. Optimal thermodynamic conditions for dephosphorization were obtained, with a tapping temperature of .: 1290–1310 °C, slag basicity of . > 1.3, slag ., Fe content of 5–10%. The results indicate that dephosphorization rates have increased by nearly 12% under such conditions compared to the original process.
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Production of Zinc Oxide from Willemite Containing Ore from Kabwe Town in Zambia |
Yotamu Rainford Stephen Hara,Daliso Tembo,Rainford Hara,Ronald Hara,Alexander Oniel Noel Old,Stephen |
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High-purity zinc oxide (> 99 weight %) was obtained from complex zinc silicate ore of Kabwe town of the Central province of Zambia. The material was leached with sulphuric acid at varying pH to form zinc sulphate. There was partial dissolution of silica during leaching. The following parameters were studied; leaching temperature, pH, and solid to liquid ratio. Leach efficiency of 97% was obtained. Zinc was recovered from solution via precipitation with sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, and oxalic acid. Low-grade zinc oxide was obtained during precipitation with sodium hydroxide and magnesium oxide owing to co-precipitation of SiO.. On the other hand, there was no co-precipitation of SiO. during precipitation with oxalic acid such that high-purity zinc oxalate was obtained. The precipitated zinc oxalate was heated up at 500 °C to obtain zinc oxide with purity of more than 99%.
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In Situ Method to Study the Dissolution of Ti(C,N) Inclusion in Molten Mold Flux |
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