Titlebook: Cartilage; Volume 1: Physiology Susanne Grässel,Attila Aszódi Book 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 VEGF signaling.c

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Cartilage Proteoglycans,d chondroadherin-like. These proteoglycans bind collagens and are important regulators of cartilage extracellular matrix assembly. In addition, some of these proteoglycans bind and regulate growth factors and their receptors and regulate innate immunity through interactions with Toll-like receptors

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Collagens in Hyaline Cartilage,fibrillar-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACITs XII, XIV, XVI, and XXII). Most of them are not specific for cartilage but are also components of many other connective tissue matrices and tissue junctions of the body, i.e., the skin, tendon, muscle, bone, and cornea, demonstrat

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Cartilage Glycoproteins,cted. Over the last years, it could be shown that matrix proteins can also play nonstructural roles, like modulation of growth factor activities and immune responses. This adds another layer of complexity to the tissue. This chapter summarizes general aspects of a standard cartilage extracellular ma

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Hypoxia-Driven Pathways in Endochondral Bone Development,rization and the concomitant infiltration of the future ossified region by osteoprogenitors, and is molecularly steered by the potent angiogenic stimulator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Later in life, HIFs and VEGF remain vital players in the regulation of bone remodeling, in line with

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Joint Development,on to maturation of a synovial joint. Morphologically, we know there is the formation of interzone regions at the presumptive sites of the future joint. Molecularly, we have some insights into signals that direct the initiation and progression of interzone regions toward a joint. And through innovat

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Molecular Control of Cartilage Differentiation,lanking the hypertrophic region differentiate into osteoblasts, which form the bone collar. Blood vessels from the bone collar invade the hypertrophic region in close association with bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. The orchestrated formation, differentiation, and degradatio

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Hedgehog Signaling in Chondrocytes,addition to their essential roles in chondrogenesis, both Sonic Hh and Indian Hh family members serve as crucial regulators of endochondral ossification, a process in which calcified hypertrophic cartilage is resorbed and replaced by bone. Finally, dysregulated Hh signaling contributes to cartilage