Titlebook: Cardiovascular Manual for the Advanced Practice Provider; Mastering the Basics Richard Musialowski,Krista Allshouse Book 2023 The Editor(s)

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septation to create the four chambered autonomous structure vital for all vertebrate life. At a cellular level, ion currents are transmitted to every cardiac cell in milliseconds via gap junctions. Therefore, all cells are coordinated to work in unison (syncytium) causing rapid shifts of ions via v

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djustments that account for maintaining cardiac output, and therefore tissue perfusion throughout the body. In the following chapter, the cardiac cycle is discussed as well as normal hemodynamic physiology.

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farction (STEMI), which begins with a total thrombotic occusion of a coronary artery, is a medical emergency necessitating a race against time to open up the coronary artery, restore blood flow and prevent irreversable heart muscle damage (Sorajja P, Holmes DR. 2021. Periprocedural bleeding in patie

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s a type I myocardial infarction (MI), resulting from plaque rupture and how it differs from a Type II MI which is secondary to demand ischemia. The chapter will address the path of differential diagnosis to NSTEMI and how it is complemented by assessment of the patient. Initial diagnostics, such as

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successfully treated or may have a history of CABG, stenting, and disease that is not amenable to further intervention. The entire coronary history and timeline is significant. A drug eluting stent may have been placed 1 year ago or one decade ago. This leads to different considerations when evaluat

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r surgical revascularization vs PCI of coronary artery disease (CAD) is multifactorial. General indications for CABG include left main disease >50%, diffuse three vessel CAD, two vessel CAD with significant stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD), CAD that is not amenable to P

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but a foundational knowledge of the therapeutic tools for management, including pharmacotherapy. Table 7.1 provides a general overview of common antiarrhythmic agents, mechanism of action, basic pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and monitoring recommendations. In addition to familiarity with the a

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gy. Numerous causes of bradycardia exist including failure of impulse generation within the sinus node as well as conduction abnormalities at any level of the conduction system. Evaluation and management of bradycardia varies depending upon the presence of symptoms associated with the reduced heart