Titlebook: Atlas of Parathyroid Surgery; Alexander Shifrin Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Spri

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Anisotropic Least Gradient Problem,ition to the size of the incision, the extent of surgical dissection to all underlying structures should also be considered. Minimal invasiveness entails a shorter operation and consequently less time under anesthesia, minimal postoperative pain, low incidence of complications, and high long-term su

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Michael H. B. Hayes,Roger S. Swiftintraoperative frozen-section histopathological confirmation of excised parathyroid tissue [1]. With advancements in preoperative localization techniques, including ultrasonography, Tc-99 m sestamibi, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT

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Antonio Nebbioso,Alessandro Piccolol procedure for all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism [1]. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), also referred to as targeted parathyroidectomy, has since been increasingly adopted as accurate methods for preoperative localization of pathological gland(s) and intraoperative confirmatio

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Armen M. Jerbashian,Joel E. Restrepoosmesis, and enhance patient satisfaction. Endoscopic parathyroidectomy, first introduced by Gagner in 1996, was one of the earliest such innovations. Although techniques utilizing low-pressure continuous CO. insufflation are not currently in widespread use, other endoscopic and remote-access parath

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Armen M. Jerbashian,Joel E. Restrepoed surgery or disease recurrence after many years of normocalcemia. This procedure is usually associated with a reduced chance of success and a higher risk of complications. The most common causes for a failed exploration which then requires reoperative surgery are deep superior parathyroid adenomas

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,Metric Spaces and the Topology of ℂ,sidered the gold standard surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. The move toward a focused parathyroidectomy over the last two decades has been driven by advances in imaging technology as well as the use of operative adjuncts like intraoperative parathyroid hormone level testing. Focused parathyro