Titlebook: Art and Illusionists; Nicholas Wade Book 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature

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Surrealism,constructed long before ‘surrealists’ were given this title, and this chapter presents illustrations of two from the seventeenth century: the features of the countryside can be represented in ways that are at once recognizable and then perplexing.

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Contrast,ck and white patterns. Contrast effects are readily produced with black and white grid patterns and they were used extensively by Victor Vasarely. Another basic aspect of contrast occurs at the sharp boundaries between regions of different luminance. These effects are more subtle and have long been a part of the artist’s armoury.

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Impossible Figures,spective provide a consistent way of treating the spatial dimension that the picture itself lacks – depth or distance . When three dimensions are reduced to two it is possible to create worlds on paper that could not exist in three-dimensional space . Artists and scientists have revelled in the licence provided by representing the impossible.

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Faces,ists have long been aware of our facility at seeing faces in the oddest arrangements of objects, and many examples of these will be shown in the following pages. Faces have become a major topic of research in vision and novel techniques for presenting and modifying facial features have been devised.

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,Moiré and Motion,re in the same orientation but of a much lower spatial frequency than either of the components. Examples of moiré art works are shown but the reader can produce their own moiré fringes with the transparency supplied with the book.

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