连结
发表于 2025-3-21 19:40:48
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OVER
发表于 2025-3-21 21:16:27
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Hippocampus
发表于 2025-3-22 03:36:17
System Theory: pplies to a number of trends in system science. During the past few decades, there has been an effort to counteract the increasing amount of specialization by creating a unifying concept that can be applied to many disciplines. The central idea, which lies at the core of general system theory, is, o
得罪人
发表于 2025-3-22 06:29:17
System Cell and Classification cell. The system cell represents the object to be controlled by a decision maker or group of decision makers. The decision maker is represented by a normative cell, a unit that is mainly characterized by an objective or goal, as will be further discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. In this chapter, we wil
跳脱衣舞的人
发表于 2025-3-22 12:18:53
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tackle
发表于 2025-3-22 16:18:58
Models of Social Systemsefinition, two chess players and their board can form a social system; the interaction takes place here via the primary system of the chess board. A number of people talking about the weather interact via a communication system. Each participant has a certain internal representation or image of the
怒目而视
发表于 2025-3-22 17:17:04
Collective Systems without Communicatione point of departure is a group of . decision makers who make a decision together; no individual authority is assumed. Moreover, it is assumed that the persons in the group do not communicate (directly) with each other and therefore cannot influence each other. However, each has a preference over a
尊敬
发表于 2025-3-22 22:59:04
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人类
发表于 2025-3-23 02:55:24
Two-Person Cooperative Games persons involved. Three cases can be distinguished: harmony, pure conflict, and a mixed case. If . exists, there will be no problem, because both parties will choose the alternative with the highest value; the interests run completely parallel. In the case of ., the interests are diametrically oppo
凌辱
发表于 2025-3-23 07:36:06
Hierarchical Systemsity, and so on. This means that inside the system, there are certain groups or individuals with a limited autonomy. They can only make decisions within the framework of certain instructions or constraints imposed on them by their superiors. This is called a .. The phenomenon of the hierarchy is ofte