固执已见
发表于 2025-3-21 16:34:21
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嘲笑
发表于 2025-3-21 23:26:13
The Etiology of Opioid Dependence,endence is the concept of “psychic” or “psychological” dependence, which is defined as a drive that requires administration of the drug to produce pleasure or to avoid discomfort (Eddy .., 1970). Psychic dependence is usually distinguished from “physical” dependence, which is inferred from the appea
poliosis
发表于 2025-3-22 01:18:09
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BLANK
发表于 2025-3-22 05:09:56
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acolyte
发表于 2025-3-22 09:45:03
Mechanisms of Opioid Analgesia,is or her emotional state, and from evidence, actual or presumed, of tissue injury. Given the same or equivalent degrees of tissue injury, the severity of pain and demands for its relief vary widely. For example, Beecher (1956, 1968) noted that at the Anzio Beachhead in World War II, 150 soldiers wi
ORBIT
发表于 2025-3-22 16:38:02
Theories of Tolerance to and Physical Dependence on Opioids,dered together inasmuch as most explanatory theories postulate common mechanisms and assume that one sort or another of “counteradaptation” to the agonistic actions of opioids develops during repeated drug administration (accounting for tolerance); this results in “latent hyperexcitability” of the c
拥护者
发表于 2025-3-22 19:24:08
Conditioning Processes in Opioid Dependence and in Relapse,y unconditioned; that is, they can be demonstrated in animal preparations virtually incapable of acquiring classically conditioned responses. Thus, Wilder and Frank (1948) reported the development of tolerance to the depressant effects of morphine and methadone on the flexor reflex in the chronic sp
Glutinous
发表于 2025-3-23 00:18:52
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格子架
发表于 2025-3-23 04:08:59
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rectum
发表于 2025-3-23 06:32:42
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