四溢
发表于 2025-3-30 11:22:34
Multi-state Systems,The number of Boltzmann factors in the partition function increases with increasing energy states. The higher energy states might have small Boltzmann factors but are included for completeness. This leads to infinite sums that can sometimes be reduced to a simple partition function to calculate average energy, entropy, and free energy.
athlete’s-foot
发表于 2025-3-30 14:52:57
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dominant
发表于 2025-3-30 18:21:39
The Nature of Entropy,s of energy which suggests that entropy produced in an irreversible process also produces energy. Both the entropy . and the product . are related to the randomness of the system. The connection between randomness and both entropy and energy is one of the more interesting concepts in thermodynamics.
转向
发表于 2025-3-30 21:23:10
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BAN
发表于 2025-3-31 03:17:15
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aggrieve
发表于 2025-3-31 05:05:40
,Maxwell–Boltzmann Distributions,m, the Boltzmann factor is proportional to the probability for an infinitesimal energy range. The partition function is an integration of Boltzmann factors over the range of continuous energies. The Boltzmann factor for .
Sigmoidoscopy
发表于 2025-3-31 11:47:33
Interactions,ameters. The distinct sites can even be on different proteins. Interaction between two sites with bound ions requires an additional interaction energy so that the total partition function cannot be factored. For example, charged ions on two neighboring sites repel each other and the repulsion energy
镇痛剂
发表于 2025-3-31 16:05:18
Statistical Thermodynamics in Chemical Kinetics,acteristic time. Independent jumps by fleas in either direction eventually lead to an equilibrium state. Even then, random jumps create a dynamic equilibrium. Even though fleas continue to jump between dogs, the 50–50 distribution is stable. Fleas continue to jump and although the system can fluctua