CHARY 发表于 2025-3-21 16:46:49

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innate 发表于 2025-3-21 22:35:36

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3972-0Embassies to premodernChina; Comparative history of China and the West; Premodern Chinese-European r

发表于 2025-3-22 01:56:54

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哥哥喷涌而出 发表于 2025-3-22 07:11:17

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松果 发表于 2025-3-22 12:46:42

978-981-13-5012-2The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

恩惠 发表于 2025-3-22 15:02:08

Video- und Computerspiele-Management,, and Russia between 1248 and 1720. Each of these embassies centered around a particular Western request that did not translate very well into the Chinese world including peace, empire, trade, religion, and diplomacy. The two sides were frequently at odds with each other and the embassies failed, bu

恩惠 发表于 2025-3-22 20:26:04

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在前面 发表于 2025-3-22 22:16:50

Spielen Journalisten eine politische Rolle?ch at its height encompassed seaports stretching from West Africa to Japan. They expected to monopolize all international trade and tried to mark their new territory by setting up a . or stone marker, as well as to build fortifications that they could defend by force of arms. But China had a very di

细胞学 发表于 2025-3-23 02:16:10

Zur Wahl eines metatheoretischen Konzepts, two countries. But in China the notion of free trade did not exist. The only way to engage in trade was to be registered as a tribute-bearing nation, which entailed an implicit acknowledgment of Chinese cultural superiority and the performance of a complex series of ritual acts, including the kowto

STAT 发表于 2025-3-23 07:22:10

Miriam Meckel,Klaus Kamps,Werner Gepharthristians lived in nearly every region of the empire. The stated aim was to thank the emperor and to ask for permission to establish a superior general who would live in Beijing and oversee all missionary affairs. Far from strengthening the Christian presence in China, however, the embassies caused
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查看完整版本: Titlebook: Embassies to China; Diplomacy and Cultur Michael Keevak Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 Embassies to premode