controllers
发表于 2025-3-21 19:20:23
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spondylosis
发表于 2025-3-21 22:16:07
Theories and Hypotheses,o be mentioned. I shall ask and try to answer fundamental and crucial questions such as the following: What is the aim of science? How do we gain scientific knowledge? How do we validate scientific theories? Is there certainty in science either in the form of verification (proof) or at least in the
Venules
发表于 2025-3-22 04:29:23
Laws, Explanation, Prediction, and Understanding, who also discusses other views]. Thus, a law refers to a pattern which, according to our experience, is invariant; invariant may mean universally invariant. A number of more detailed definitions of the concept of law have been proposed (see, e.g., Ruse 1970), and different types of laws have been d
Offset
发表于 2025-3-22 08:31:08
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露天历史剧
发表于 2025-3-22 11:00:01
Concepts and Classification,ic statement, it is important to be aware of what a concept is and what it is not. A concept is an abstraction. What do we do when we abstract? We separate certain feature (s) from the welter of our direct (immediate) experience (Langer 1964, p. 66). The verb “to abstract” is etymologically derived
冥界三河
发表于 2025-3-22 16:11:44
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cipher
发表于 2025-3-22 19:46:05
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构想
发表于 2025-3-22 23:31:27
Evolution and Change,ch tries to answer: What? Where? When? Whence? Why? Simpson (1964, p. 111), an evolutionary biologist, suggests that biological questions can be reduced to the following simple and colloquial forms: What? How? What for? How come? “What” questions are asked in descriptive biology at all levels of org
incarcerate
发表于 2025-3-23 03:38:08
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阴郁
发表于 2025-3-23 06:44:31
World Hypotheses (World Views) and Truth,vironment and integrated with the latter. Therefore, understanding life requires and understanding of the organism and its environment which is the whole world. This means that we have to include in our discussion of life hypotheses and theories that refer to the whole world. Pepper (1942/70) called