猛击
发表于 2025-3-25 07:02:50
The Anatomy and Physiology of Olfaction and Gustation central nervous system centers integrate these combinations of signals to generate perceptions of smell and taste. .■ Olfactory receptor bipolar neurons are directly exposed to the external environment, within the nasal vault, making this a unique sensory system.
ATRIA
发表于 2025-3-25 10:50:58
Olfaction and Gustation: Implications of Viral, Toxic Exposure, Head Injury, Aging, and Drugsude postupper respiratory tract infection, post-trauma, nasal and paranasal sinus disease, age and neurodegenerative disease, toxins and medication, and idiopathic. .■ Loss of flavor is a loss of retronasal olfaction, whereas loss of taste includes abnormalities in the detection of salty, sweet, bit
Tremor
发表于 2025-3-25 13:57:21
http://reply.papertrans.cn/84/8302/830117/830117_23.png
Aesthete
发表于 2025-3-25 17:52:04
Clinical Assessment and Management of Olfactory Disorders Olfactory testing can be performed by all physicians and provides assessment of the degree of smell loss. .■ Decisions on obtaining imaging will depend on the history and physical examination. .■ Treatment options for smell disorders are limited, but all patients require counseling and education in
Common-Migraine
发表于 2025-3-25 23:09:53
http://reply.papertrans.cn/84/8302/830117/830117_25.png
下级
发表于 2025-3-26 00:51:59
Contemporary Management Strategies for Epistaxisauma, systemic processes, and medications can contribute to the development of epistaxis. .■ Nasal endoscopy is important for accurate diagnosis and effective management of epistaxis of moderate or greater severity. .■ Imaging is reserved for special circumstances in patients with maxillofacial trau
EXALT
发表于 2025-3-26 05:22:28
Disorders of the Nasal Septumormity. .■ Numerous infectious, inflammatory, and systemic diseases need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. .■ The diagnosis of these entities may require culture, biopsy, specialized laboratory testing, and a high index of suspicion.
阴谋小团体
发表于 2025-3-26 10:45:32
http://reply.papertrans.cn/84/8302/830117/830117_28.png
听写
发表于 2025-3-26 14:31:33
Surgery of the Nasal Septumques for septal surgery today emphasize conservative resection and preservation of septal cartilage and bone. .■ Morselization is preferred in pediatric patients. With proper preservation of septal cartilage through morselization and repositioning, surgery can be safely undertaken in the pediatric p
小卷发
发表于 2025-3-26 18:53:20
http://reply.papertrans.cn/84/8302/830117/830117_30.png