思考才皱眉
发表于 2025-3-23 10:25:50
Book 2008par- cles. The charge and current densities associated with the particles are part of a self-consistent ?eld. Conventionally, the kinetic theory of plasmas is a classical theory: the motions of particles are treated using classical dynamics.
Arroyo
发表于 2025-3-23 16:57:13
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decipher
发表于 2025-3-23 18:56:02
ward the south are evident from 4000 bp on, intensifying a millennium later as levels of aridity become more acute. Many human groups, having readied the limits of their capacities to adapt, or wishing no longer to adapt to the new conditions, began, in some cases quite early, to migrate toward the
冲击力
发表于 2025-3-24 01:58:37
ward the south are evident from 4000 bp on, intensifying a millennium later as levels of aridity become more acute. Many human groups, having readied the limits of their capacities to adapt, or wishing no longer to adapt to the new conditions, began, in some cases quite early, to migrate toward the
冰河期
发表于 2025-3-24 04:15:31
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abracadabra
发表于 2025-3-24 07:18:25
Response 4-tensors,rarchy of nonlinear response 4-tensors. The response tensor completely characterizes the electromagnetic properties of the medium, and various physical requirements are reflected in mathematical constraints on . .(.).
放大
发表于 2025-3-24 13:07:28
Particle and wave subsystems,scussed here. All of them lead to explicit expressions for the response tensors of the collective medium. The three approaches are the forward-scattering approach, the Vlasov approach and the oscillating-center approach. A cold plasma approach is also discussed: it may be adapted to give the linear
啮齿动物
发表于 2025-3-24 18:51:04
Classical plasmadynamics,alculations remain classical. The Einstein coefficients relate spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and absorption, and they ensure conservation of energy and momentum at the microscopic scale. This overcomes a serious weakness in classical electrodynamics, which does not automatically conserve
compassion
发表于 2025-3-24 21:20:24
Quantum field theory, are electrons and positrons, and the electromagnetic (EM) field, whose quanta are photons. Scalar electrodynamics (SED) is the counterpart of QED in which the particles are assumed to be spinless, satisfying the Klein-Goron equation rather than Dirac’s equation. In the simplest generalization of QE
绝种
发表于 2025-3-25 02:20:10
n, the utility of this methodological strategy in interpreting culture change and assessing long-term response to current, global climatic fluctuations is examined and understood. .978-1-4419-3380-5978-0-306-47547-4