消瘦
发表于 2025-3-25 05:01:33
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内行
发表于 2025-3-25 09:59:37
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GOAD
发表于 2025-3-25 13:18:00
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0509-8Markov process; Martingale; Probability Theory; Random variable; optimization; probability measure
vasospasm
发表于 2025-3-25 19:42:00
Uncertainty, Intuition, and Expectation, uncertainty, expect, believe. Nevertheless, as with many concepts for which we have a strong but rather vague intuition, the idea of probability has taken some time to formalize. It was in the study of games of chance (such as card games and the tossing of dice) that the early attempts at formaliza
CHART
发表于 2025-3-25 23:38:18
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Popcorn
发表于 2025-3-26 00:23:56
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Enteropathic
发表于 2025-3-26 06:55:20
Applications of the Independence Concept,an appeal made explicit already in Section 4.1. Now that the concept has been set in the wider context of conditioning we can continue with the description of some further models which, while still standard, are of a more advanced character. These models are all somewhat individual. In Chapter 7 we
Endometrium
发表于 2025-3-26 12:29:08
The Two Basic Limit Theorems,behaviour of the sums. and averages . of such variables as . becomes large. The motivation is clear from the discussion of Section 1.2. Sample averages of actual data are observed to ‘converge’ with increasing sample size, and it was this ‘limit’ which we idealized to provide the concept of an expec
Feature
发表于 2025-3-26 13:45:27
Continuous Random Variables and Their Transformations,hat there were at most countably many realizations. However, we were increasingly led to consider r.v.s . on more general sample spaces, and it became evident in Section 7.5 that we need to be able to calculate the distribution of functions of . in terms of the distribution of
Mercurial
发表于 2025-3-26 18:44:49
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