抱狗不敢前
发表于 2025-3-30 11:46:07
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忍受
发表于 2025-3-30 13:03:55
Introduction,el, and predict systems in quantitative sciences such as physics, biology, and economics. The time evolution of many of these systems is governed by dynamical laws that can be cast into a common mathematical form that makes them a dynamical system. Dynamical systems theory studies the properties of
愤慨一下
发表于 2025-3-30 20:04:06
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FLAG
发表于 2025-3-30 22:06:37
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Blasphemy
发表于 2025-3-31 03:55:41
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thwart
发表于 2025-3-31 07:35:01
Ergodic Theoryissipative systems that do not conserve volume can. Volume is but a special kind of measure and studying the behavior of more general measures provides profound insights into dynamical systems, allowing to address questions such as whether points return to the set from which they originated, whether
padding
发表于 2025-3-31 12:54:04
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售穴
发表于 2025-3-31 14:23:37
Probability Theory notions of conditional probabilities and statistical independence. The central concept of a random variable and its probability distribution and its expectation is introduced next. Moments, characteristic functions, generating functions, and escort distributions are various ways to describe the pro