catagen
发表于 2025-3-26 21:34:09
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Nuance
发表于 2025-3-27 04:26:19
https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28003-0ity of multiple imaging of sources and the magnification and distortion of the shape of images. Detailed knowledge of the properties of simple lens models is essential for the understanding of observed lens cases. In this and the following chapter, we consider the statistical properties of an ensemb
xanthelasma
发表于 2025-3-27 05:56:45
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嘴唇可修剪
发表于 2025-3-27 09:37:26
Introduction,reation of this theory, however, it was suspected that gravity influences the behavior of light. Already in the first edition of his ., published in 1704, Sir Isaac Newton formulated as the first .: “Do not Bodies act upon Light at a distance, and by their action bend its Rays; and is not this actio
听觉
发表于 2025-3-27 16:17:37
Basic facts and the observational situation,tions. This chapter is intended mainly for readers who prefer a quick look at the basic relations, e.g., between lens mass and angular separation between images, and who are not interested in the more detailed aspects of gravitational lens theory discussed in later chapters. In particular, a “guide
啤酒
发表于 2025-3-27 20:47:56
Optics in curved spacetime,al coordinates and components; ..= .. Round and square brackets indicate symmetrization and alternation, respectively, as in .Throughout, we use the Einstein summation convention.The spacetime metric g.. is taken to have signature -2, or (+ - - -); the special-relativistic Minkowski metric in orthon
ineffectual
发表于 2025-3-27 22:06:57
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过多
发表于 2025-3-28 03:40:14
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PACK
发表于 2025-3-28 09:25:25
Lensing near critical points,source plane. We assume here that it is differentiable as often as is needed. If . is the image of ..) and if the Jacobian . = det . of the derivative . of does not vanish at x(.), there exist neighborhoods of and on which . is bijective, i.e., the lens mapping is locally invertible. For an infinite
SOB
发表于 2025-3-28 12:03:32
Wave optics in gravitational lensing,gnoring the wave properties of light. In this chapter we investigate the conditions under which the latter may become noticeable. It will be shown that in (nearly) all cases of practical importance the geometrical optics treatment is an excellent approximation, at least as long as one considers thos