Enkephalin 发表于 2025-3-21 16:27:15
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From Feudal to Modern Europe Mediterranean basin and most of Europe with a common government, law, and market. Long before the last western Roman emperor was deposed in 476, the empire itself had collapsed under the weight of political corruption and inefficiency, economic decline, and waves of foreign invaders. A united marke黄瓜 发表于 2025-3-22 01:37:56
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The Industrial Revolutionrly modern era, governments followed mercantilist policies in which they sought to maximize exports and minimize imports to garner as much wealth in their own realm as possible. Trade was seen as a zero-sum rivalry in which one nation’s gain was the others’ loss. Although it is Louis XIV’s finance mOffensive 发表于 2025-3-22 15:23:47
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Peace, Prosperity, and Collapseion dead, 21 million wounded, and a Europe that was physically and psychologically devastated. It immediately destroyed four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, and the Turkish-Ottoman—and eventually all others as the colonial powers were unable to crush the growing nationalism in their panchor 发表于 2025-3-22 21:32:42
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The Anticolonial Strugglegence of new ones. As early as 1885, Western-educated Indian nationalists founded the Indian National Congress to lobby Britain for home rule and later independence.. The first Pan-African Conference was held in 1900.. In 1914, responding to World War I’s outbreak, a Pan-African Congress leader wrothurricane 发表于 2025-3-23 05:54:50
Global War and the Postwar Liberal Systemfle that imperialism.. The League of Nations, which was formed with so much hope that collective security would keep the peace, failed utterly to live up to its mission. The League’s two major powers, Britain and France, along with the nonmember United States refused to provide the leadership that m