ALE
发表于 2025-3-23 10:28:43
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含水层
发表于 2025-3-23 15:39:34
Book 2020isting literature on recruitment and socio-cultural legacies, the authors argue that the problem of voluntary party quotas lies at the intersection of party quota design and electoral law. Either parties need to design quotas that actually work within a given electoral system, or we need legislative
按等级
发表于 2025-3-23 19:43:07
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Mendicant
发表于 2025-3-24 01:35:11
Introducing the Cross-National Comparison of Quota Implementation,ve right to vote, however, remains elusive. This chapter introduces the main themes of the book, focusing on descriptive political representation of women and asking if voluntary party quotas are sufficient to reach equal representation. As all quota parties in Germany and Austria support the goal o
圆锥体
发表于 2025-3-24 05:46:03
Contextualizing Quotas: The Political Systems of Germany and Austria,tion on national and Länder levels. In both countries, the multi-party system invites the contagion of gender equality measures from the political left to the center. German party federalism allowed women’s activists to push for the institutionalization of women’s policy agencies and for quotas from
SEED
发表于 2025-3-24 06:59:16
The History of Electoral Gender Quotas,erent quota designs (e.g., legislated quotas, reserved seats, voluntary party quotas) and take stock of central quota reforms in neighboring European countries that we consider instructive for our cases, in particular, Denmark, France, Belgium, and the UK. In the second part of the chapter, we asses
Reservation
发表于 2025-3-24 12:40:36
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返老还童
发表于 2025-3-24 17:28:54
Institutional Quota Roadblocks on the Federal Level,age of women in federal parliament over the past 30 years than Austria’s proportional system. In Germany, the proportional element of the electoral system drives the increase in women’s mandates via party lists, whereas the direct district election still privileges men. In Austria, the three-tiered
Pseudoephedrine
发表于 2025-3-24 21:29:48
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annexation
发表于 2025-3-25 00:31:25
Conclusion: The Long Road to Parity in Politics,nd within countries on subnational levels. We put these comparisons in the context of current debates on electoral system changes as well as more ‘radical’ propositions in both countries to switch from voluntary party quotas to legislative or constitutional quotas. As the chapter revisits discussion