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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01977-1an Union compared to the USA, Canada and Australia, for which most research data are available. However, there are large variations between EU countries. Cannabis is worldwide the most frequently used illicit drug. Prevalence rates among young people tend to stabilise or decline in the past years, aIngrained 发表于 2025-3-22 01:50:14
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01977-1pt of impaired self-control are also examined with the aim of identifying how specific impairments in the ability to inhibit an action can contribute to drug abuse, and possibly emerge as a consequence of prolonged drug abuse. The chapter concludes by highlighting areas for further research, such asAviary 发表于 2025-3-22 06:24:57
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01977-1n response to such adaptive decreases in brain reward systems. Further, environmental stimuli repeated paired with the actions of addictive drugs can attain “hedonic” salience to negatively regulate brain reward systems, and may thereby serve as a novel source of drug craving. The aim of this chapte食物 发表于 2025-3-22 12:10:09
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01977-1take dilutes sodium levels. In the absence of rapid medical intervention, fatalities may occur. Acute MDMA disrupts attention, impairs cognitive processing, and makes car driving hazardous. The period following recreational ecstasy/MDMA is typified by neurochemical recovery, when feelings of letharginstate 发表于 2025-3-23 06:41:27
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01977-1dominate and environmental conditions are significant, but with higher doses psychedelic effects become the primary experience. When used recreationally in sub-therapeutic doses by inhalation (or insufflation) the alteration in perception of auditory, visual and painful stimuli result in a general “