creatine-kinase
发表于 2025-3-25 06:52:00
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NUDGE
发表于 2025-3-25 08:21:53
Book 2021 of regulations, and trade openness. Poverty rates and income inequality have been clear triggers for petty corruption. Meanwhile, natural resources endowments have shown less of an impact on the levels of corruption, and similarly women‘s empowerment has not been found to be a strong indicator..
Onerous
发表于 2025-3-25 12:20:53
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55314-2MENA politics; Arab uprisings; Arab Spring; corruption; corruption and freedom of the press; corruption a
Fermentation
发表于 2025-3-25 17:32:25
978-3-030-55316-6The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl
上腭
发表于 2025-3-25 22:58:29
Shirley Johnson-Lans,Patricia Jones, and economists. Many attempts have been made to understand corruption and its interrelated dimensions. Scholars have tackled the complex phenomenon of corruption, from the concept’s definition, types and forms of corruption, to its causes and consequences, and finally ways of controlling it. Limit
广口瓶
发表于 2025-3-26 00:52:33
Patricia Jones,Olivia D’Aoust,Louise Bernard regard to distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, which may include gift giving, lobbying, and state capture of certain services or goods. In some cultures it is a common and accepted practice to exchange gifts when a service is done by a person in public office; however, in
Maximizer
发表于 2025-3-26 05:38:24
onship with corruption are a country’s quality of regulation and institutional strength, trade openness, democracy as reflected in press freedom, political rights, civil liberties, independence of the judiciary, and membership in international organizations. Some variables, such as government decent
极深
发表于 2025-3-26 11:03:07
The Urban Wage Premium in Africa,lly conducted using structured focused comparison of the case studies, and specifically the Most Similar Systems Design. Using the Method of Difference to classify the case studies also offers a better understanding of corruption and the variables causing its occurrence in the region. The variables
领导权
发表于 2025-3-26 13:37:02
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WAIL
发表于 2025-3-26 17:14:26
the political systems of the Gulf monarchies, where ruling families enjoy a monopoly of power and possess a significant world share of oil resources, tribes have a strong presence, and the small populations enjoy high income levels. However, there are some unique features in each country’s setting,