Gratification
发表于 2025-3-21 17:13:49
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medium
发表于 2025-3-21 22:27:12
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FRAUD
发表于 2025-3-22 03:48:40
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坦白
发表于 2025-3-22 08:07:40
Democratic Processes, Patronage Politics, and Contentious Collective Action in El Alto, Boliviathe International Monetary Fund (see Shultz 2009). On February 12, the rank and file of the national police initiated a strike that spread from La Paz to other cities. From that afternoon and throughout the following day, hundreds of people filled the streets of downtown La Paz, looting and burning
入伍仪式
发表于 2025-3-22 10:59:33
Clientelism, Democracy, and Violence in Rio de Janeirolitical game. Specifically, this has meant challenging the time-honored system of clientelism, based on the personalized exchange of votes for favors, and replacing it with a system of interest representation based on principles of universalism and rights. Brazil is no exception to this rule. And, a
chuckle
发表于 2025-3-22 16:40:24
When Clients Become Collective Actorsrs where the client (often the poor/vulnerable citizen) is maintained in a position of weakness through his dependence on the patron (the powerful politician/political broker) for access to the basic rights of citizenship. Public goods are distributed according to political loyalty, an exchange base
chuckle
发表于 2025-3-22 17:05:49
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狂乱
发表于 2025-3-22 22:13:32
“Fragmented Clientelism” in Montevideoory decentralization (PD) that was introduced in Montevideo in the early 1990s by the Frente Amplio Leftist coalition. . The Frente Amplio municipal administration introduced a series of decentralization reforms that opened up participatory spaces and processes with the expressed goals of democratiz
HUSH
发表于 2025-3-23 01:35:30
Clientelistic Democracy or Democratic Clientelismels and institutions that are identified with democracy in theory—and ostensibly implanted in practice—and the more personalized exchanges (ranging from benign to sinister) that occur in real politics, all efforts to eliminate them to the contrary. Searching for the causes and effects of these excha
languor
发表于 2025-3-23 09:35:56
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