APO
发表于 2025-3-26 22:17:14
Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized? many cases of COPD are caused by heavy cigarette smoking. However, besides cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to airborne particulates and pollutants are also known to be risk factors for developing COPD. Particularly, the indoor use of biomass fuel has been pointed out as one of the major ri
Emmenagogue
发表于 2025-3-27 02:48:54
Genetic Predisposition to COPD: Are There Any Relevant Genes Determining the Susceptibility to Smokies on candidate genes and also genomic approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been used to discover genes involved in COPD pathogenesis. Though the 15q25 locus which encodes a family of nicotinic cholinergic receptors including . and . and also the other novel loci were repo
Constituent
发表于 2025-3-27 05:31:19
Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist Afte structural cellular changes contribute to mucus hypersecretion and destruction of the alveolar walls and a decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV.). At the cellular level, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils, driven by cytokines including interleukin-8 (IL-8), gather on the
CODA
发表于 2025-3-27 11:23:35
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轻浮思想
发表于 2025-3-27 17:39:21
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歌剧等
发表于 2025-3-27 18:13:40
Pathogenesis of Comorbidities in COPD: By What Mechanism Does Long-Term Smoking Cause Systemic Inflahigh mortality in COPD, which is in part attributed to its comorbidities, it has been emphasized that COPD should be considered as a systemic disease rather than a disease localized to the airway. Even though some of the comorbidities are simply age related, shared risk factors such as tobacco smoke
DAMP
发表于 2025-3-27 23:34:24
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sacrum
发表于 2025-3-28 04:29:05
Exercise Therapy for COPD: How Is Exercise Therapy Significant?hogenesis of COPD, only ventilation limitation is not a problem, and many patients have also caused muscle dysfunction. Therefore, the treatment for the muscle dysfunction is required. Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to be as highly effective as pharmacotherapy for improving lung function as
代理人
发表于 2025-3-28 09:07:52
Nutritional Therapy for COPD: What Is the Present State of Nutritional Therapy and Is There a Possibportant in COPD, because cachexia is an independent predictor of mortality. In meta-analysis reported in 2012, nutritional support is effective to improve anthropometric measures and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. COPD is treatable disease, but its airflow limitation is not fully reversibl
禁令
发表于 2025-3-28 12:49:40
Long-Term Oxygen Therapy (or Home Oxygen Therapy) for COPD: The Present State and Future Problemse hypoxemia and the development of pulmonary hypertension, and improve mortality. The recommendations for HOT are based on the MRC and NOTT studies performed over 30 years ago. The indications for HOT based on the two studies may not necessarily be representative of today’s COPD patients. There is n