Grating
发表于 2025-3-26 22:12:59
Differential Forms,ith what we call line integrals, which is to say the circulation of a vector field . along a curve. This is classically defined as the integral . Here, . is a curve parametrization (in fact a piece of the parametrization as we restricted the parameter to the interval [., .]) and . is an inner produc
DEVIL
发表于 2025-3-27 02:56:28
,The Euler-Poincaré Characteristic and the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem,ndex of singular points of vector fields) and Riemannian geometry. We do not have the space to illustrate all of these ideas in detail. To keep with the spirit of the book, the proofs we give will use differential geometry to the greatest extent possible. We nonetheless believe it would be interesti
玷污
发表于 2025-3-27 06:43:58
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Gum-Disease
发表于 2025-3-27 09:47:42
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antiandrogen
发表于 2025-3-27 14:23:31
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比喻好
发表于 2025-3-27 19:51:58
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Instinctive
发表于 2025-3-28 02:00:40
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DEI
发表于 2025-3-28 02:52:03
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inclusive
发表于 2025-3-28 10:18:38
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Commentary
发表于 2025-3-28 13:45:13
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