CLOT
发表于 2025-3-30 10:40:45
Hydrogen Ion (pH) and Fixed Acids,ributes and potentially, defects. Hydrogen ion activity usually is measured in terms of the logarithmic concentration term, pH. Initially, the winemaker is concerned with fruit and must pH. The pH values for white wines are often 3.4 or less, whereas higher values usually are observed for red wines,
圣歌
发表于 2025-3-30 13:05:17
Carbohydrates, basis, carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose; disaccharides, such as sucrose; and long-chained carbohydrates, the polysaccharides. Polysaccharides may be hydrolyzed yielding lower molecular weight forms. Examples of polysaccharides include pectins, glucans, and dextra
跳动
发表于 2025-3-30 17:12:50
Phenolic Compounds and Wine Color,ine wines can be viewed in terms of management of phenolic compounds. Phenols are responsible for red wine color, astringency, and bitterness; they contribute to the olfactory profile; serve as important oxygen reservoirs and as substrates for browning reactions.
灾难
发表于 2025-3-30 22:08:39
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规范就好
发表于 2025-3-31 04:03:38
Sulfur-Containing Compounds,nds plays an important role in sensory properties of wines. These compounds may be variously described as rubbery, onion, garlic, cabbage, kerosene-like, and skunky. The somewhat undefined, but objectionable character arising from interaction of sulfur-containing compounds and wine components is som
FAZE
发表于 2025-3-31 06:12:26
Sulfur Dioxide and Ascorbic Acid,al activity. Although historically sulfites were generally recognized as safe, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that the presence of unlabeled sulfites in foods and beverages poses a potential health problem to a certain class of asthmatic individuals. As a result, in 1987,
Osteoporosis
发表于 2025-3-31 12:39:35
Volatile Acidity,team volatilization. A measure of volatile acidity is used routinely as an indicator of wine spoilage (Table 11.1). Although generally interpreted as acetic acid content (in g/L), a traditional volatile acid analysis includes all those steam-distillable acids present in the wine. Thus, significant c
手榴弹
发表于 2025-3-31 14:26:19
Metals, Cations, and Anions,periodic table (i.e., lead, mercury, and cadmium) and metal-like elements (such as arsenic) from the common “lighter weight” metals (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) present in significant amounts in grapes (see Chapter 15). Heavy metals are toxic to biological systems due to their
Hemiplegia
发表于 2025-3-31 17:38:36
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Soliloquy
发表于 2025-4-1 01:29:00
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen,ectrons. A compound with a large positive reduction potential (e.g., oxygen) will readily accept electrons producing the reduced form of that compound (e.g., water). Conversely, molecules (ions) with a lower (negative) redox potential (e.g., SO. or sulfite ion, SO.) exhibit increasing tendencies to