filial
发表于 2025-3-26 21:30:39
Quantum Random Systems the state of a system has to be described by a vector in a Hilbert space. If the quantum state is not known completely, one has to introduce the density operator, which contains information about the possible quantum states and their probabilities.
LITHE
发表于 2025-3-27 04:56:30
1868-4513 stical physics with an emphasis on the analysis of statistic.The application of statistical methods to physics is essential. This unique book on statistical physics offers an advanced approach with numerous applications to the modern problems students are confronted with. Therefore the text contains
愤愤不平
发表于 2025-3-27 07:58:06
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Mirage
发表于 2025-3-27 12:23:45
Estimation of Parameters. Then a histogram where the relative frequencies of the measured values in so-called bins, i.e., small intervals, are plotted against the intervals themselves, should converge with increasing number of realizations to the probability density.
宠爱
发表于 2025-3-27 15:53:13
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存心
发表于 2025-3-27 18:43:12
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勋章
发表于 2025-3-27 23:12:10
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ARCHE
发表于 2025-3-28 04:05:36
Time-Dependent Random Variables: Classical Stochastic Processesic process in Sect. 5.1, we introduce the class of Markov processes. In Sect. 5.2 the master equation is formulated, an equation describing the time evolution of the probability density of a Markov process. In this context, the relevance of the master equation for the description of the dynamics of
温室
发表于 2025-3-28 08:17:56
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pacifist
发表于 2025-3-28 11:20:04
Changes of External Conditions. The external conditions were kept constant and the systems were adapted to these external conditions. It was for this situation that we formulated the equations of state expressing the relations among the system variables.