运动吧
发表于 2025-3-23 13:15:01
Invariant Functions and Quantization of Free Fields,nswer this question, we need to study the unequal-time commutation relations. By introducing several kinds of Lorentz invariant Green functions, we will show that free fields can be quantized without fixing a direction of time.
crutch
发表于 2025-3-23 15:28:39
Indefinite Metric and the Electromagnetic Field,ot be treated as a simple field because one feature of this vector field, which is in fact a gauge field, is an indefinite metric. We thus begin by discussing this metric and present the Gupta-Bleuler method of quantization for the free electromagnetic field.
完整
发表于 2025-3-23 20:42:45
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hankering
发表于 2025-3-23 23:51:27
What Is Gauge Theory?,between the form of an interaction and the symmetries of the theory. In this chapter, we introduce the general notion of gauge field and gauge theory, and show that one possible answer to the question above is the so-called “gauge principle”. In the following, we shall survey the formalism needed to treat gauge fields.
时代错误
发表于 2025-3-24 05:38:48
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking,ase, a quantum of the gauge field corresponding to the broken or hidden symmetry acquires mass, in contrast to the photon. In this chapter, we will discuss a mechanism whereby the symmetry in the Lagrangian is broken.
条约
发表于 2025-3-24 08:51:46
Path-Integral Quantization Method,ame results, but for the quantization of gauge fields the latter is more effective. It was after the path-integral method had been well understood that the canonical quantization method came to be used.
Extricate
发表于 2025-3-24 13:59:09
,-Matrix, determined if the Lagrangian density is known, it is hard to compute in practice. Here we will discuss how to compute the S-matrix using perturbation theory, which is only valid for small coupling constants. This method was developed by Feynman and Dyson.
催眠
发表于 2025-3-24 18:26:29
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ESO
发表于 2025-3-24 21:04:06
,Weinberg–Salam Model,rgence. Thus, we cannot avoid interpreting Fermi’s theory as purely phenomenological. This led to the model by Weinberg and Salam, combining gauge fields with the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking and describing the weak interaction and the electromagnetic interaction in a single theory.
Indelible
发表于 2025-3-24 23:53:08
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