affidavit
发表于 2025-3-21 16:53:27
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Myofibrils
发表于 2025-3-21 22:06:19
Springer-Verlag London 2008
钱财
发表于 2025-3-22 03:39:19
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GIBE
发表于 2025-3-22 04:34:55
Independence,ter the realm of probability theory exactly at this point, where we define independence of events and random variables. Independence is a pivotal notion of probability theory, and the computation of dependencies is one of the theory’s major tasks.
Indent
发表于 2025-3-22 11:23:52
The Integral,ralises the Lebesgue integral that can be found in textbooks on calculus. Furthermore, the integral is a cornerstone in a systematic theory of probability that allows for the definition and investigation of expected values and higher moments of random variables.
抵消
发表于 2025-3-22 16:13:40
Moments and Laws of Large Numbers,typical approximate value of the arithmetic mean (. + … + .)/. of i.i.d. random variables (law of large numbers). In Chapter 15, we will see how the variance determines the size of the typical deviations of the arithmetic mean from the expectation.
不透明
发表于 2025-3-22 19:54:02
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alabaster
发表于 2025-3-22 22:19:02
Martingales,st lay the foundations for the treatment of general stochastic processes. We then introduce martingales and the discrete stochastic integral. We close with an application to a model from mathematical finance.
顽固
发表于 2025-3-23 02:01:59
Markov Chains,y of real-world phenomena can be modelled. We give an introduction to the basic concepts and then study certain examples in more detail. The connection with discrete potential theory will be investigated later, in Chapter 19. Some readers might prefer to skip the somewhat technical construction of general Markov processes in Section 17.1.
形状
发表于 2025-3-23 08:20:52
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